胡塞尔与普莱斯纳--从现象学到哲学人类学

E.Husserl and H.Plessner ——From Phenomenology to Philosophical Anthropology

现象学的创始人胡塞尔与哲学人类学的创始人普莱斯纳之间有一段不太长的师生关系。由于普莱斯纳在他学习的一开始就已经具备了自己的思想体系,因而对胡塞尔的现象学持有怀疑与批判的态度。胡塞尔对普莱斯纳的首要影响在于撇开所有理论,面向实事的要求;其次在于意识的意向性和先天本质方面的主张。此外,胡塞尔的哥廷根讲座"自然与精神"也对普莱斯纳哲学人类学思想的形成有启示作用。尽管哲学人类学曾受到胡塞尔和海德格尔的批评,从现象学到哲学人类学的发展也仍是《逻辑研究》发表以来胡塞尔现象学及随之形成的现象学运动的两个主要展开方向之一。这个方向带有舍勒、普莱斯纳的思想踪迹;另一个方向则带有海德格尔、伽达默尔的思想踪迹,即从现象学到解释学的发展方向。

There is a short teacher-student relationship between Husserl,the founder of phenomenology,and HelmuthPlessner,the founder of philosophical anthropology.Having had his own thinking system before studying under the supervision of Husserl,Plessner held a critical as well as questioning attitude toward the latter's phenomenology.Husserl's influences on Plessner are primarily manifested in the demand to face things with all the other theories excluded,and,secondly,in the ideas as regards the intentionality of consciousness and the innate essence.Besides,Husserl's G9 ttingen lectures on'Nature and Spirit'is also of inspirations to the formation of Plessner's philosophical anthropology.Although philosophical anthropology has once been criticized by Husserl and Heidegger,the development from phenomenology to anthropology is one of the main unfolding directions of Husserl's phenomenology and the ensuing phenomenological movement since the publication of Logical Investigations.Whereas this direction is of the trace of Scheler and Plessner's thoughts,another one is marked by Heidegger and Gadamer's thoughts:from phenomenology to hermeneutics.