从档案看清代道光二十二年新疆巴里坤大地震的赈灾对策

Earthquake Disaster Relief Countermeasures of Barkol in Xinjiang during the Dao guang Twenty-two Years from the Archives Collection of Qing Dynasty

巴里坤地处新疆天山北路东部地区,被誉为"新疆咽喉"。巴里坤是清代新疆地震多发区。其中,清代道光二十二年五月初三至初五巴里坤爆发了7.5级大地震。中国第一历史档案馆的宫中朱批奏折档、台北故宫博物院的宫中朱批奏折档、道光朝上谕档、军机处录副奏折等至少14份清宫藏地震档案极为翔实地记载了此次大地震的相关事宜。这在清代新疆地震史乃至清代全国地震史上堪称罕见。笔者据以上档案等概述了新疆巴里坤大地震的情况,论述了清廷采取的抚恤灾民、官员捐廉、借贷银两、捐款修城、派拨兵遣、起用废员、提拔官员等赈灾对策,进而剖析这些对策的利弊,从而使我们借鉴其合理对策且警惕其不妥对策,这对当今的防灾减灾工作有重要的现实意义。

Barkol is located in the east of Xinjiang Tianshan and known as the ＂Xinjiang throat＂. Besides, Barkol is earthquake-prone regions in Xinjiang during Qing dynasty. A 7.5 earthquake broke out from May 3 to 5 in the twenty-two years of the Emperor Daoguang period. About 14 earthquake records of Qing dynasty recorded the issues relating to the earthquake, including the memorials instructed by the emperor the imperial edicts of the Emperor Daoguang,and the memorial copies kept in the first Historical Archiues of China and the Palace Museum in Taipei. It is rare in the history of the earthquakes in Xinjiang and even in China in the Qing dynasty. According to the files above, this paper summarizes the earthquake situation of Barkol in Xinjiang, and discusses the disaster relief countermeasures suchas pension victims, individual donations of officials, borrowing silver, repair city with donations, troops sent, personnel to be used again and officials promoted. Then it analyzes the pros and cons of these strategies, in or- der to refer the reasonable countermeasures and guard against the wrong countermeasures. It has important practical significance for today＇s work of the disaster prevention and reduction.