文本的可能与批评的双重维度——评法国“可能性文本理论”

Possibilities of the Text and the Double Dimension of Criticism

近年来,法国文学批评界积极探索,不断突破,形成了"可能性文本理论",且影响渐盛。该理论由法国学者马克·埃斯科拉、苏菲·拉博等学者在米歇尔·夏尔、皮埃尔·巴雅尔、雅克·杜布瓦、斯坦利·费什等人的学说基础上形成,包括一系列理论主张及其指导下的批评实践,它再次对作者权威性和文本同质性提出了质疑,主张从"可能性"角度而非现实角度去考察文本,将阅读与批评的重心从论证文本必要性转移到拓展文本和文学潜力上来,强调文学批评活动具备元文本与超文本双重维度,为审视作者、文本、读者、创作、批评之间的关系提供了不同视角,有可能对文学理论研究、文学批评实践甚至写作实践都产生不可忽略的影响。

Recently, French researchers, especially Marc Escola and Sophie Rabau, made a breakthrough in the field of French and Francophone literary studies by developing a theory of possible texts. Based on the work of Michel Charles, Pierre Bayard, Jacques Dubois, Stanley Fish, among others, the theory once again calls into question the authority of the author and the homogeneity of the text. It proposes to explore the possibility of the text instead of its reality and to shift the focus of criticism from the necessity of the text to its potentiality, and emphasizes the double dimension of literary criticism as both metatext and hypertext. This theory thus provides a new perspecuve on me relation ships between author, text, reader, writing, and criticism, potentially making a significant impact on literary theory, literary criticism and literary creation.