特别重大自然灾害救助的灾种差异性研究——基于汶川地震和西南特大连旱的分析

Study on disaster type difference in large-scale disaster relief:an analysis based on Wenchuan earthquake and continuous heavy drought in southwest China

灾害救助是综合灾害风险防范体系的重要组成部分,与常规灾害救助不同,特别重大自然灾害救助受灾害类型的影响更大。以汶川地震、西南特大连旱为案例分析发现,这两种特大灾害救助在下列几方面存在异同:(1)救助物资需求方面,突发性特大灾害救助存在瞬时物资需求峰值及恢复重建物资长期需求2个时间节点,而渐发性灾害救助主要是中长期物资需求;(2)救助对象多样性方面,突发性特大灾害承灾体类型的多样性导致救助对象多元化明显,而渐发性灾害救助对象往往集中于某一特定领域及其衍生的部分领域,多元化相对较低;(3)灾后救助方面,突发性特大灾害更需要统筹各类救助政策或措施,甚至创新性地提出一批新的政策来确保长期救助的有效性;(4)灾害领域热点概念——弹性、脆弱性、恢复性等相关理论可对上述3个异同点进行较好地解释。研究成果可为丰富灾害救助理论、完善特别重大自然灾害救助制度提供理论依据。

Disaster relief is an important part of integrated disaster risk governance system, and different from the conventional disaster relief, large-scale disaster relief will be mere influenced by the various disaster types. Taking the Wenchuan earthquake and drought in SW China in 2009 -2010 as examples, analysis discovered that the both types of large-scale disaster relief show obvious differences from conventional one in three aspects, （ 1 ） on the e- mergency relief supplies, the sudden disaster has an obvious instantaneous demand peak after the disaster occurred, especially in the 10 days after disaster; while for the slow-onset disaster, it is not typical on this characteristic. （2） On the diversity of disaster relief objects, sudden large-scale disasters result in largest number of relief objects and highest diverse need, in which sudden disaster has more diverse objects due to its characteristics of wide range, stronger identity and so on. （3） On the post-disaster relief, large-scale disasters need an overall arrangement of post disaster relief, in which sudden disaster will be more integrated on relief policies and measures than slow-onset disaster. （4） Flexibility, vulnerability, resilience and other related theory can better explain the above three differ- ences. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for enriching disaster relief theory, and improving the large-scale disaster relief system.