利益集团自由主义、法律民主和美国“第二共和国”——西奥多·洛维利益集团政治观探析

Interest-group Liberalism、Juridical Democracy and Second Republic of the United States——The Analysis of Theodore J.Lowi's View of Interest Group Politics

从多元主义视角出发,美国政治学家西奥多·洛维分析了美国自"新政"至1970年代期间利益集团政治在农业政策、外交政策、商业政策、劳工政策、城市政策、福利政策领域的表现。通过严谨的实证分析,洛维展示了一幅自由裁量泛滥、讨价还价不断、保守和封闭攀升的利益集团政治图景。多元利益集团成为塑造公共政策特质的核心力量,是美国"新政"以来政治决策和社会治理过程中奉行"利益集团自由主义"的必然结果。本文通过阐述"利益集团自由主义"在美国政策实践中的发展演进逻辑、具体表现、弊端和解决方案,试图对洛维的"利益集团自由主义"理论作一个全面的概括评析。

From a pluralism perspective, American politician Theodore J. Lowi made an analysis of manifesta- tion of interest - group politics in agricultural, foreign, commercial, labor, urban and welfare policies from New Deal to 1970s. Through rigorous empirical analysis, Lowi shows us the landscape of interest -group poli- tics in which discretion is overrun, bargaining is constant, and conservativeness and seclusion rise. That inter- est groups become the core power to shape characteristics of public policy is the inevitable result of having been pursuing interest -group liberalism in political decision -making and social governance since New Deal. This article, through elaborating the developmental logic, concrete manifestation, and shortcomings and solu- tions of interest - group liberalism in American policy practice, attempts to make a comprehensive comment and analysis on Lowi＇ s theory of interest - group liberalism.