土耳其艰涩的民主化进程与库尔德问题的演进(1950-1980)

The Zigzag Process of Turkey's Democratization and the Evolution of Kurdish Issue

土耳其特有的民主化进程遭遇了库尔德问题的挑战,最为直接的表现就是库尔德人身份认同的强化和库尔德工人党的建立。库尔德族裔政治最初表现为与左派的联合,其后形成以建立库尔德国家为目标的政党,土耳其民主政治运作的艰涩与库尔德人对民族国家构建的反抗有着密切的关系。土耳其库尔德问题的案例表明,族裔政治有其自身的内在逻辑,民主未必能够解决族裔问题,处理不当还有可能成为国家分裂的动因。后发国家民主政体的构建需要格外谨慎,尤其是国内存在重大族裔问题的国家。因为民主的本质是通过获取选票的方式来分享政治权力,如果这种分享权力的潜在趋向与族裔政治结合在一起,却无法有效管控族裔冲突,就有可能使民主异化为一面合法的分裂的旗帜。

Turkey＇s peculiar democratization has suffered the challenges from the Kurdish issue, and the direct challenges are the consolidation of Kurds＇ identity and the establishment of Kurdistan Workers Party. The Kurdish ethnic politics presented as alliances with the Left of Turkey at first, and then evolved into building its own party with the aim of founding its own state. The hardship of Turkey＇s democratization has direct relations with the Kurds＇ resistance toward Turkey＇s nation - state building. The case of Turkey＇s Kurdish issue has shown that the ethnic politics has its own dynamics and democracy is not guaranteed to solve the ethnic issues, and it may lead to the disruption of a country. The developing countries must be cautious when constructing democracy, especially if it has always had serious ethnic issue. The essences of democracy is to share power through getting votes and it is possible to conflict with ethnic politics. Under this circumstance, it is possible to bring about the breakdown of the state in the name of democracy if the ethnic issue cannot be managed properly.