得不偿失的新政——清末蒙藏边陲编练新军研究

A Study of Training of the New Army in Mongolian and Tibetan Border Area in the Late Qing Dynasty

晚清以降,蒙藏诸边遭受着内外而来的双重危机。外部俄英日等竭力染指侵吞这些地区,内部清廷统治腐败亦导致了这些地区部众生活日益艰难,对清廷统治日渐不满。为防止"外敌"侵吞边陲,同时也防止蒙藏诸部分崩离析,清末时人企图通过"练军经武"来解决这一危机,编练新军活动最终被作为传统藩部地区新政的重要内容,推上了历史舞台。但内部的腐败无能、财政空虚和藩部王公领主的反对,以及外部殖民势力的阻挠,均严重影响到此项新政的进行,相反这一新政却成为蒙藏王公领主宣布脱离清廷统治的催化剂。清末蒙藏诸边编练新军活动也是在错误的时间、错误的地点进行的一次错误的尝试,不仅未能有效地解决此时期的边疆危机,反遭其害,并给此后的这些边疆地区带来了极大的消极影响。

In the late Qing Dynasty, Mongolia and Tibet suffered from a dual crisis home and abroad. Russia and Britain tried to encroach on these areas, meanwhile the internal corruption of Qing court also lead to increasingly tough lives of people in these areas, which had strengthened the dissatisfaction of the populace with the Qing Dy- nasty. In order to prevent the encroachment of frontier by foreign enemies and the falling apart of Mongolia and Tibet, the Qing court tried to resolve the crisis through the way of ＂training new army＂, and this activity eventu- ally became the important part of traditional vassal area＇ s New Deal. However, the New Deal was terribly influ- enced by internal corruption and incompetence, financial difficulties, the opposition of vassal princes and lords, and the intervention of external colonial power. The New Deal has become the blasting fuse of lords of Mongolia and Tibet to declare their independence from the Qing ruling. The training of new army in Mongolia and Tibet in late Qing Dynasty was a wrong attempt at the wrong time and in the wrong place. It failed to solve effectively the frontier crisis and has brought serious adverse effects on these border areas.