清乾隆、道光两朝贸易禁运述论——以丝斤、大黄、茶叶为中心

On the Trade Embargo in the Qing Dynasty——Silk,Rhubarb and Tea

通过对清代乾隆、道光时期丝斤、大黄、茶叶贸易禁运的考察发现,清政府实施贸易禁运的主要举措包括:关闭互市,出台禁运立法,加强禁运司法;管制禁运商品的流通数量和路线,以官方凭证运销和军事监督贸易相结合;禁止外国商品入境等。贸易禁运对清前期互市布局的构建起到重要作用,如乾隆前期的丝斤禁运客观上迫使西方人适应广州"一口通商"体制;乾隆后期对俄罗斯大黄禁运的成功,从某种程度上验证了恰克图互市具有极好的震慑外商作用,乾隆帝因此试图在边疆其它地区推行这种集怀柔、羁縻功能于一体的"恰克图互市模式"。各互市地点之间的统筹协作是否娴熟是禁运成功与否的关键所在,这也是造成乾隆、道光时期贸易禁运效果不同的一个重要原因。迨至晚清,原有互市布局业已打破,其贸易禁运也只能停留在设想层面。

An investigation of the trade embargo on silk, rhubarb and tea during the reign of emperors Qianlong and Daoguang （1735-1795, 1821-1850） in the Qing Dynasty found that the main measures taken by the government were： closing border trade sites, issuing relevant legal articles concerning embargo and implementing them strictly, controlling the quantities and routes of the goods, transporting and selling goods by official documents and military supervision, prohibiting the entry of foreign goods. The trade embargo played an important role in establishing the border trade mechanism in the early Qing Dynasty. For example, the silk embargo forced westerners to comply with the Canton System; the rhubarb embargo against Russia to some extent proved that Kyakhta border trade was an ex- cellent deterrent to foreigners. Thus Emperor Qianlong tried to copy such trade modes at other land frontiers, but a skillful collaboration between trade ports was the key to the success of the embargo, which was the reason why embargoes in the two periods had different effects. In the late Qing period, the original trade mechanism was destroyed and the trade embargo could only stay in writings.