和田玉结构与构造研究的内容与方向

Content and Direction Research of Structure on Nephrite

目前,和田玉的结构研究仍停留在结构类型这一方面,未能深入研究和田玉结构与品质之间的关 系.行业内往往通过和田玉的内部纹理特征来判断玉质好坏,这些纹理特征是一定矿物结构的表现,所以有 必要建立“结构-构造”的科学关系来研究和判断和田玉品质.本文从和田玉行业实践和教学培训的实际出 发,对和田玉结构和构造进行了筒要的梳理.从市场主流存在的闪石玉看,其粒度大小可以分为显微粗晶、显 微中晶、显微细晶、显微微晶和显微隐晶等五个等级,和田玉的矿物形状有短柱状、长柱状和纤维状三种类型, 其形状反映了成矿环境.和田玉的矿物结合方式主要有平行（弱平行）、交织和放射三种.按照和田玉上述的 结构特征可分为五种结构类型,依据等粒构造和不等粒构造来划分.等粒构造的和田玉结构包括毛毡状结构 （显微短柱状矿物组成）、显微纤维交织结构和显微叶片状弱平行结构这三种结构,不等粒构造包含显微纤维 一隐晶质缠绕结构和显微纤维-隐晶质叠加结构两种.本文还从岩石学角度分析了和田玉的成熟结构,认为 这种结构是玉石材料“纤维作用”和“弥散作用”最佳的组合,以其高强度、高相容性以及高稳定性被称为成熟 结构.文章首次提出和田玉纹理构造的基本概念和分类等内容,纹理构造是可以通过目测观察的和田玉表面 或内部纹理分布特征的构造,主要由不同矿物组合形成或特定结构形成的可分辨的纹理表象.这两种不同成 因的纹理构造,分别称为物纹理构造和像纹理构造.笔者将物纹理构造分为原生杂质矿物分布构造、次生杂 质矿物分布构造和脉冲状的物纹理构造,将像纹理构造分为均匀构造和不均匀构造,均匀构造有不可见（行内 称“无结构”或者“过灯”）、粒状、斑状和萝卜纹状等四种,不均匀构造为上述多种构造的组合.最后结合和田 玉行业内纹理构造分类和特征,文章提出结构与构造的关联研究等课题,倡导科研与行业、教学相结合,并为 行业发展做出贡献.

Nowadays, the research on structure of nephrite still remains on the structure type. It hasn＇t conducted in-depth study on the correlation between structure and quality. People in this industry always judge the quality of nephrite by its inner texture that is an em-bodiment of certain mineral structure. Thus, it＇s necessary to establish a scientific relation between structure and tectonics for the quality identification of nephrite. This paper made a brief review of nephrite structure and tectonics starting from the reality of industry practice and education training. The grain size of the nephrite in the mainstream market can be divid-ed into five levels, including coarse grain, medium grain, fine grain, tiny grain and invisible grain under the microscope. The shapes of minerals are short-prismatic shape, long-prismat-ic shape and fibrous shape, which reflect mineral formation environment. Combination ways of minerals are parallel, interlaced or radial. According to the division of equigranular tex-ture and heterogranular texture, nephrite in equigranular texture consists of carpet form structure, micro-fibrous and interlaced structure, as well as micro-foliated structure, while the heterogranular texture includes micro-fibrous and invisibly wrapped structure and micro-fibrous and invisibly overlapping structure. Furthermore, this paper also studied mature structure of the nephrite; it attributed this structure to the best combination of “fiber effect” and “dispersion effect”,which is of high strength, high compatibility and high stability, thus called “mature structure”. This article initially introduced basic concept and classifica-tion of the texture tectonics in the surface or inner parts of nephrite that can be viewed through naked eye, consisting of different mineral combinations or recognizable texture sign in certain structures. The two different texture tectonics are respectively called object tex-ture tectonics and image texture tectonics. The author divided object texture tectonics into primary impure mineral tectonics, secondary impure mineral tectonics and pulse-like tecton-ics. The image texture tectonics was divided into even tectonics, which is invisible, grainy, variegated, and in radish vein, and uneven tectonics combined of multiple tectonics as men-tioned above. Finally, with the consideration of the relation between structure and tectonics based on classifications and characteristics of texture tectonics in nephrite industry, the au-thor proposed scientific research should be connected with industry and education, as well as contributing to the development of industry.