俄国1861年农民改革时期的保守派贵族初论

A Preliminary Study on the Conservative Nobility in Russia's Peasant Reform of 1861

在1861年前夕围绕改革的斗争中,大部分俄国贵族都是保守派,他们要么反对解放农民,要么只允许不带土地解放农民。但是当沙皇发布诏令要废除农奴制时,由于贵族对沙皇的依附性和农奴制的思想危机,贵族最终默认了农奴制被废除的命运。1858年的四月纲领赋予了贵族主导改革进程的机会,但是十二月纲领最终改变了改革的方向。编纂委员会确立了带土地解放农民的基本方式,遭到保守派贵族的强烈反对,但是在沙皇的支持下,他们挫败了保守派贵族在内部和外部的进攻。保守派贵族与政府的斗争导致贵族彻底失去了对政府的信任,而他们的失败也反映了农奴制和贵族等级的虚弱性。

In the struggle on the eve of peasant reform of 1861,most of the Russian nobility was conservative,who either opposed the liberation of the peasants or allowed only liberate them without land.But when the tsar issued an edict to abolish the serfdom,the nobility eventually acquiesced in the serfdom' s fate due to the nobility' s attachment to the tsar and the ideology crisis of the serfdom.The April program of 1858 gave the nobility the opportunity to lead the reform process,but the December program eventually changed the direction of reform.The Editorial committee established the basic way of liberating the peasants with land and was strongly opposed by the conservative nobility,but with the support of the tsar,they defeated the conservative nobility' s internal and external attacks.The struggle between the conservatives and the government led the nobles to lose their trust in the government,and their failures also reflected the weakness of serfdom and nobility.