再论马克思的“农业公社”问题--与宋培军、张秋霞两位先生商榷

How to Understand Karl Marx's “Agricultural Commune”——An Exchange of Opinion with Song Peijun and Zhang Qiuxia

"农业公社"是马克思在给查苏利奇《复信草稿》中提出的重要概念。本文在综合考察法文手稿及相关原文资料后进一步确认:"农业公社"是马克思在"农村公社"这一当时学界习用语基础上的术语创新,两者不可混同;由于有关日耳曼"农业公社"的研究意味着马克思在欧洲农村公社发展谱系的认识上已开始摆脱"亚细亚的"历史观,因此绝不可把"农业公社"与所谓的"亚细亚公社"等同起来。尽管如此,因为"农业公社"概念无论在现实中还是历史上都可能与俄国公社的实际情况不符,所以马克思最终放弃了对"农业公社"概念的继续探讨。

In the various 'drafts'of his letters to Vera Zasulich,Karl Marx discusses the concept of 'agricultural commune. 'Having conducted a comprehensive investigation of the French manuscripts and other related texts,the author argues that the notion 'agricultural commune'was coined by Marx in order to distinguish it from the other more commonly used term of 'rural commune'at the time. That is,'agricultural commune'and 'rural commune' are two different concepts, which are not interchangeable. Through his study of Germanic'agricultural commune,'Marx gained a better understanding of the development of agricultural communities in Europe,one that enabled him to no longer apply the idea of 'Asiatic Mode ' in analyzing historical development. Thus,'agricultural communes'were also different from the so-called 'Asiatic communes. 'Nonetheless,Marx later realized that the notion of 'agricultural communes'could not be applied in analyzing the reality and history of rural Russia. In the end,he discontinued his exploration of the concept.