科创平台的网络特征、运行治理与发展策略——以中关村、张江园科技创新实践为例

S&T Innovation Platform: Network Characteristics,Operation Governance and Development Strategy——A Case Study from S&T Innovation Practice of Zhongguancun and Zhangjiang Park

科技创新能力已取代自然资源成为衡量一个区域竞争优势的决定因素,而各地争相建设的科创平台在科技创新活动过程中发挥着重要作用。随着创新活动的深入开展,成员所在的外部知识网络和社会关系网络逐渐嵌入,使原来简单线型联系结构呈现出丰富而复杂的社会网络特性。本文以科创平台网络特性为研究切入点,通过回顾与借鉴知识网络、社会网络、联盟知识、交易成本等方面的研究,以网络嵌入的视角描述了科创平台网络的形式及其网络特征。在公司治理的成熟研究成果基础上,借鉴SCP分析思路提出了网络结构—行为策略—运行绩效的科创平台网络运行治理的研究框架。依据此框架,探索性构建了四种由网络中心度和结构洞共同刻画的创新平台网络类型,分别为松散型、信息聚积型、中心主导型和紧密型网络结构,并对每种平台网络结构成员的行为策略选择进行研究,提出了差异化的平台共创共享发展的策略建议,最后通过中关村与张江高科技园区两大创新网络发展实践对其进行了验证分析。

At this stage of market environment with diversified market demand, shorter product life cycle, higher speed technology innovation, enterprises have been facing difficulties to adapt to market development by type of closed learning. Therefore, enterprises need to seek external cooperation. When the innovation ability of science and technology gradually replace the natural resources and become a decisive measurement factor to a regional competitive advantage ,the Science and Technology Innovation Platform （S＆T Innovation Platform） emerged as a new cooperation innovation form. S＆T Innovation Platform is mainly composed of government, enterprises, colleges, and research institutes. These participants own the different economic and social relationships network in their respective fields. Those relationship network and structure will be embedded into the innovation platform in process of innovation activities. Accordingly the platform is not limited to these three types of participants, but also contains the resources behind them, which e- volves the complex and diverse science and innovation network forms. Colleges and research institutions reserve talents and accumulate technology for scientific research cooperation in daily teaching and research work. At the same time, enterprises identify the technical requirements of the product through the value chain operation in market, and encode the specific product technology as the knowledge innovation demand. After the research institutions complete the generic and patent technology research, enterprises carry on the technological achievement test in the production link according to the related mechanism strategies. The product technology will be tested in market, and the feedback will promote the platform network to carry out the further tech- nology innovation activities. And the generic technology that achieved in the process of the technical cooperation re- alizes the social sharing by leveraging the technical service function of government agencies. The patent technology applying in the commercial development is protected and promoted prepensely, and the effect of network externali- ties will be realized gradually on the basis of the relevant government policies. S＆T Innovation Platform can absorb the existing generic technology in external knowledge network through government＇ s rich social resources, and share owned patent technology within the entire network under certain conditions. In the S＆T Innovation Platform network, the close cooperation between the main participants and embedded members reduces the cost, shorten the period of the innovation, and improve the market conversion efficiency of the technology. So the influence of ＂relation embedding＂ and ＂structure embedding＂ should be focused on in the process of platform operation management, and a new operation management mode with the social networks charac- teristic should be built. The ＂network structure-behavioral strategy-operation performance＂ management operation governance frame is established by referencing corporate governance management thinking and the SCP analysis model in this pa- per. And the main content of operation management is focused on the network structure, capital structure and the in- centive mechanism structure containing revenue sharing and cost sharing contract. On the basis of this frame, the four kinds of science innovation networks have been designed by using the two measure variables in the SNA - net- work centrality and structural holes. Then the technology innovation network is divided into loose type, information aggregation type, center oriented type and compactness type. According to the network status and distribution of in- formation ,the members adjust and choose the most favorable strategies of co-innovation and sharing. By applying different forms of investment and financing modes to adjust the capital structure, flexibly using contract mechanisms and relationship coordinate methods, differentiated platform network development strategies are formatted in different four network structures. At last, these development strategies are verified through development practices of Zhong- guancun Science and Technology Park and Zhangjiang High-tech innovation network.