从交互主观性的角度看“既”字句的主句化和句子化

On the Main-clausization and Sentencization of ji (既)-temporal Clause in Archaic Chinese from the Viewpoint of Inter-subjectivity

与充当主从句中的时间背景句相比,上古汉语的"既"字句(即时体副词"既"所在的小句)充当主从句中的主句甚至独立成句的用法并不鲜见,上古汉语的语料表明,后一种用法是从前一种用法衍生而来的,这类现象可称为"既"字句的主句化和句子化。以往的研究对这类现象关注得不多,本文认为可以从交互主观性的角度获得解释。具体来说,上古汉语的"既"字句在充当主从句中的主句或者独立成句时,大多数出现在人物对话的场合;与叙述语体中常见的客观陈述不同,对话语体中的言语交际一般体现为说话人和听话人面对面的言语互动,由于两人处在同一个时空现场,说话人在表述事件或者申明观点时,往往会考虑到或顾及听话人的感受(因而"既"字句的末尾经常加助词"矣"),这一话语上的功能需求导致上古汉语的"既"字句可以摆脱主句的限制而逐渐获得独立。

In Archaic Chinese,ji(既)-temporal clause used as main-clause in complex sentences or used independently are no much less than ji-temporal clause of background in complex sentences,and the former developed from the latter.This phenomenon can be regarded as main-clausization and sentencization.We discover that this kind of ji-temporal clause appears mainly in conversation context when it is used as main-clause in complex sentences or used independently,and the particle word yi(矣)commonly appears in the position of clause-final.Compared with the narrative genre,the consideration genre shows a speech communication going on face to face between the speaker and the hearer,and the speaker will show the consideration for hearer’s feelings.This kind of discourse function causes ji-temporal clause of background in complex sentences to be used more and more freely,and at last to evolve into an independent sentence.