人权与国际伦理:基于世界主义视角的探究

Human Rights and International Ethics: From the Perspective of Cosmopolitanism

人权为国际伦理确立价值基准。人权价值和人权理念使国际伦理的规范性角色得到日益强化的认可,使个体成为国际伦理的道德主体并获得独立的国际人格,国际伦理因人权伦理的普遍性而被赋予正当性内涵。作为人权价值及其普遍性体现之一的人权国际化,面临不干预原则与人权原则之间的张力、国际伦理认知差异导致的人权伦理冲突以及道德合法性与政治有效性之间的非对称性等伦理挑战。对于上述问题,世界主义人权伦理不认同对国际社会的"黑格尔伦理"认知,强调其"康德伦理"判断,论证作为无差别的存在者的个体不应该面对差别化的道德地位和人权境遇,诉求每位个体拥有复合式的公民身份和完整的人权保护机制。

Human rights set the standard of value for international ethics. The value and idea of human rights urge the normative role of international ethics to be increasingly accepted in international community,cause individuals to be the moral subject of international ethics and thus to gain the independent international personality,and additionally international ethics is filled with legitimacy because of the generality of human rights ethics. Internationalization of human rights,which is the embodiment of the value and generality of human rights,is confronted with ethical challenges,including the tension between the principle of noninterference and the principle of human rights,ethical conflicts of human rights caused by cognitive differences about international ethics,and the asymmetry between moral legitimacy and political effectiveness. The responses of cosmopolitan human rights ethics oppose Hegelian ethics of international community on account of the judgment of Kantian ethics,argue that each individual as indistinctive being should not accept the discriminatory moral standing and human rights treatment,and assert that each individual is endowed with multiple citizenship and integrated mechanism of human rights protection.