美、德、日、中四国高端装备制造业国际竞争力及影响因素比较分析

The Comparative Study on the International Competitiveness and its Influence Factors of High-end Equipment Manufacturing Industry of U.S.,Germany,Japan and China

美、德、日、中作为世界排名前四位的经济和贸易大国,在高端装备制造业的发展上各有所长。美国高端装备制造业国际竞争力不断下降,德国和日本总体较高且稳中有升,日本优势更强,中国呈现长期增长态势。从部门看,美国的轨道交通装备产业逐渐失去竞争优势;中国智能制造装备产业落后,航空装备及卫星应用装备产业国际竞争力提升显著,美、日、德三国的智能制造装备产业优势依旧。基于国家竞争优势理论的实证分析发现:高级要素、相关与支持产业对美国竞争力的作用不同;中国则相反,但总体实力依然有限;德国高级要素和制造业的平稳发展、日本国内需求条件的改善和全球化的发展促进了德、日国际竞争力的稳定发展。当前,对于我国的高端装备制造业而言,要认清与发达国家的差距,采取有针对性的措施,力争在较短时间内实现较快发展的目标。

As the world＇ s biggest economy and trade powers, U. S. , Germany, Japan and China have their own strengths in the development of high-end equipment manufacturing industry. The international competitiveness of American high-end equip-ment manufactiaring industry has dropped increasingly, while that of Germany＇ s and Japan＇s is relatively high and keeps rising steadily. But Japan ＇s strengths are much better. China ＇s presents the state of long-term growth. U. S. lost the competitive edge in the rail transit equipment industry. China lags behind other three countries in intelligent manufacturing equipment industry, but its international competitiveness in aviation equipment and satellite application equipment industry rises remarkably. This paper also finds that the factors, namely the high-level elements, related supporting industries, the development of manufacturingindustry,domestic demand and the development of globalization,have different influenccs on each country’ s international ccm-petitiveness.