宋朝“格”的立法成果和性质问题考述

A study of the legislative achievements and features of “Ge” in the Song dynasty

宋格在中国古代格这种法律形式发展史上属于代表性成果。宋格作为宋朝国家法律分类中的四大基本法律形式之一,不管是从性质还是内容上看都不是"令"的简单派生物和补充物。宋格在立法形式上有综合性法典和单行法两种。宋朝国家至少制定了8部格典,同时还制定了大量的单行格。单行格现在可以考察出的篇名多达189篇。宋格从篇名结构上看,可以分为赏罚类,官员选拔、考核和管理类,机构设置和职能界定类,教育礼制类和其他类型等。认为宋格的性质是与赏罚有关的法律是源于对《元丰格》的总结。但这种认识后来成为学术界对宋格性质认定的谱系起点,导致对宋格性质认识上出现误差。宋格的性质从实质主义看,宋神宗定义是对的,但不反映宋格的全部内容特征。宋格在内容上看主要是对各类制度中的等级、数量、标准、职数等进行具体设定,但不能用行政法来简单归类。若从现在部门法分类体系看,宋格中有行政法、民法和刑法等各种部门的内容。

'Ge'is the most characteristic of the four basic legal forms in the Song dynasty and also the most typical achievement of this kind in ancient China. Either in nature or in content,'Ge 'in the Song dynasty is not a simple derivation of'ling',another legal form in this period. 'Ge'in the Song dynasty consists of two legislative forms,the comprehensive code and the independent one. There are at least eight comprehensive codes,and the existing independent ones number 189,which fall into the following types: the reward and the punishment,the selection of officials,the assessment and management,the institutional establishment and career classification,the education system and others. The understanding of'Ge'in the Song dynasty as a system of rewards and punishments is the research finding based on the study of Yuanfeng Ge Law,which results in some misunderstanding of 'Ge'in the Song dynasty. In the perspective of essentialism,the definition of'Ge'defined by Emperor Zhao Xu of the Song dynasty is only partly correct because it only covers some elements in different systems. Judging from the legal classification nowadays,'Ge'in the Song dynasty has some elements of the administrative law,the civil law and the criminal law.