搏击赛事人身损害裁判员民事责任初论——以全接触空手道项目为切入

The Civil Liability for Personal Injury Caused by Referees in Combat Sports:Focus on Full Contact Karate

裁判员是体育赛事的重要参与方之一,作为与运动员、教练员一同参与体育赛事的人员,在相关体育法律关系中应当有其相应的法律地位及责任。在空手道、跆拳道、拳击等身体对抗因素较为突出的搏击运动项目中,裁判员的行为更易导致运动员遭受人身损害。对于体育赛事中裁判员的法律地位,公职说、雇佣说等观点不尽合理,应当将裁判员认定为赛事组织方的受托人。搏击赛事裁判员与赛事组织方之间以无偿委托合同法律关系居多。搏击赛事中由于裁判员行为造成的运动员人身损害,符合一般侵权责任的加害行为、损害事实、因果关系与主观过错四项构成要件。全接触空手道赛事裁判员在场上执裁过程中通常负有准确执裁义务、护具检查义务、选手核对义务、安全保护义务。对于搏击赛事裁判员造成运动员人身损害的情形,此种侵权责任的抗辩应当综合考虑裁判员的法律地位和搏击运动的固有风险两方面的因素,减轻或免除裁判员的侵权责任。

The referee is one of the main participants in sports events.In the combat sports with strong physical confrontation such as karate,taekwondo and boxing,the behavior of the referee may cause the personal injury of athlete.On the legal status of the referee,the official duty view and employment view is quite arguable.The referee should be identified as the agent of the organizer.There is mainly a gratuitous agency appointment contract between the referee and the organizer.The personal injury of athlete in combat sports caused by the referee conforms to the elements of general tort liability,including tortious act,damage,causation and fault.The obligations of the referee of full contact karate are to judge accurately,inspect the protectors,check the athletes and safeguard.In consideration of the legal status of the referee and the inherent risks of combat sports,the tort liability of the referee for personal injury in combat sports may be reduced.