孙中山“至孔子而绝”的道德思想探析

An Analysis of Sun Yatsen' Moral Ideas “Disappeared after Confucius”

孙中山认为现代自由人格的规划不可割断与传统的联系,主张继承并发扬"至孔子而绝"的道德思想。其内涵包含仁智勇三义。智不仅指的是和善良意志比较接近的"良心",而且也表现为对是非善恶的理性判断。仁指的是博爱,这种解释既吸收了儒家,又借鉴了墨家,而且还受到了基督教的影响。"大勇"的实质是为了群体的利益而舍生取义。在具体道德条目上,孙中山主张确立志气、责任、信义、诚,以群体的长远利益为目标的功利。孙中山对志的自由选择、坚韧持一、后果责任等性质作出了肯定;主张废弃忠君意义上的忠,确立对国家、对民众、对事业之忠。尽管孙中山对信义的理解侧重于内在的道德品质,还没有进入现代的契约论的范畴。但是,孙中山注意到了道德行为的自觉性(智)、自愿性(意志)等特征;同时,在对"良知"的认识中,孙中山也注意到了道德性的自然性,丰富了我们对道德行为的特性的理解。孙中山主张改变政治制度以塑造自由人格,也是触及了培养自由人格的一个重要条件。

On the modern free personality problem, Sun Yatsen thought that the link to the tradition couldn＇t be cut off , but we should inherite and continue the orthodox moral ideas ＂disappeared after Confucius＂. It includes ＂benevolence＂, ＂wisdom＂ and ＂courage＂. Wisdom is not only referring to the ＂conscience＂ that is closer to the good will, but also the performance of the rational judgment to the good and evil. Benevolence refers to universal love. This kind of explanation not only assimilates Confucianism, but also draws on the experience of Mohism, even is influenced by Christianity. The essence of ＂courage＂ is to lay down one＇s life for group interests. In detailed moral items, Sun deemed that one should establish the utility that take ambition, responsibility, faith, sincerity, and the long-term interests of the group as targets. He affirmed the character of ambition freedom choice, holding on consistently and persistently, consequences and responsibility and so on; proposed discarding the obedience to the emperor, but establishing the obedience to the country, people and career; his comprehension of faith focused on internal morality character, and it had not entered into the category of modern contract theory. Sun was aware of the consciousness （wisdom） and voluntary （will） of morality actions; meanwhile, in his understanding of ＂conscience＂, he also realized the naturality of morality, enriched our comprehension of the character of morality actions. He advocated the change of political system to shape the free personality, and touched on an important condition of the cultivation of free personality.