从主妇到厨娘——传统宗祠祭礼中女性角色的历史变迁

From Housewives to Kitchen Maids:The Changes of Women's Role in Ancestor Worship Ritual in Ancestral Hall

宗祠祭礼是传统宗族深化血缘认同、维护生活秩序的重要仪式。从先秦《仪礼》的士人祭礼模式初创,到宋明宗族对《家礼》祭礼的继承、变革实践,女性在宗祠祭礼中的角色由居于核心地位的主妇逐步被边缘化为专司祭品的厨娘。女性祭祀角色的历史变迁表明岁时祠祭的举行是对宗族生活中性别秩序与伦常关系的维护与强化。

Ancestor worship ritual in ancestral hall is an important ritual for traditional clan to deepen its blood identity and maintain living order.From the startup of the gentry's worship ritual model of Yi Li(the Book of Etiquette and Ceremonials)in pre-Qin Dynasty to the inheritance and changing practice in Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty to Jia Li(Family Ritual),women's role in the ancestor worship ritual is marginalized from housewives in a core position to kitchen maids for preparing the sacrifices.The historical changes of women's sacrificial role indicate that the seasonal holding of ancestor worship ritual in ancestral hall is the maintenance and strengthening of the gender order and the feudal ethics in clan life.