公众共用物的治理模式

The Mode of Governing the Commons

公众共用物本身无所谓悲剧或喜剧,由人类推动的公众共用物运动好比人类演出的一幕戏剧,有时表现为悲剧,有时表现为喜剧,有时表现为悲喜剧,而关键是我们人类对它的态度和行为方式。公众共用物治理的单一模式是:针对第一种公众共用物悲剧问题,依据第一种公众共用物悲剧产生的机理,建构防治第一种公众共用物悲剧的理论,采取将具有非排他性的公众共用物转变为具有排他性的物权或财产权的客体的经典方法,通过将公众共用物私有财产化或国有财产化的途径,或运用市场调整机制,或运用行政调整机制解决第一类公众共用物悲剧。公众共用物治理的综合模式是:从公众共用物的状况、人的各种需求和两种公众共用物悲剧等实际情况出发,依据公众共用物的特点及两种公众共用物悲剧产生的机理,建构公众共用物可持续利用和防治两种公众共用物悲剧的理论,对不同状况的公众共用物,分别采取或维持公众共用物性质不变或将公众共用物转变为具有排他性的产权或物权客体等方法,综合运用三只手(三种调整机制)或多元调整机制和调整方法,防治两种公众共用物悲剧和反公众共用物悲剧,实现公众共用物的功能、作用和喜剧,促进公众共用物的可持续供给与利用。

There is no tragedy or comedy to the commons itself, the movement of the commons driven by human is like a drama of human performance, which sometimes shows up as tragedy, sometimes comedy or tra- gi-comedy, but in which the key is our human＇ s attitudes and behaviors about it. The single mode of governing the commons has been aimed at the first tragedy problem of the commons, which has been based on the produ- cing mechanism of the first tragedy of the commons, constructed the theory of prevention and control of the first tragedy of the commons, adopted the classic methods which turned the non-exclusive commons into the object of exclusive property right or real right, through the way of the property privatization or state-owned propertilization of the commons, or using market adjustment mechanism or administrative adjustment mechanism to solve the first kind of tragedy of the commons. The integrated mode of governing the commons is starting from the condi- tions of the commons, the diverse needs of people and two kinds of tragedies of the commons, and other actual situations, which is based on the characteristics of the commons and the producing mechanisms of two kinds of tragedies of the commons, it will construct the theories of the sustainable utilization of the commons and the prevention and control of two kinds of tragedies of the commons, respectively taking steps to maintain the un- changed properties of the commons or transforming the commons into the object of exclusive property rights or real right for the different conditions of the commons, and using a combination of three modes （three adjust- ment mechanisms） or multiple adjustment mechanisms and methods to prevent and control two kinds of trage- dies of the commons and the tragedy of the anti-commons so as to realize the function, role and comedy of the commons and promote the sustainable supply and utilization of the commons.