略论《汉书·艺文志》中的“黄帝书”及其思想文化史意义

A brief view on “Emperor Book” in Yiwenzhi of Hanshu and its significance of culture and ideology

在《汉书·艺文志》知识系统中"黄帝书"展现出来的"六略"之间的密切关系问题,对《汉艺·艺文志》中与"黄帝书"有关的内容进行统计分析,对"黄帝书"的性质和特点进行研究。研究发现,"黄帝书"在《汉书·艺文志》中共有34种656篇(卷)和6卷图,广泛分布于"诸子略""兵书略"和"方技略"之中,是依托黄帝传说而发挥思想、传播知识技能的一种书籍载体,是许多学派或技术门类所依托的著述形式,它们借重黄帝事迹或传说来阐述某种观点,传承某些技艺,与古人的日常生活和生产实践密切相关,偏重于实用技术的专业知识;中国古人将宗法世系一脉相承的观念引入技术文明的传统,为各种实用的技术寻根,追溯某位先王为思想或技艺的发源,"黄帝书"采取黄帝立言的形式,反映了血缘宗法制对中华文明发展与古代社会特殊发展路径的密切关系,《诸子略·道家》著录"黄帝书"5种100篇,其治国用兵、修身养性、哲理玄思的内涵与"黄帝书"为代表的实用知识和技术中的身体技术、社会技术、自然技术有内在联系,这种联系是道法玄之又玄的哲学理论的基础,也为理解古代知识系统的内在联系提供了范例,中国传统技术知识注重通过言传身教和体悟来进行传承,比较缺乏命题性知识理论的建构,这与现代科学技术知识相比有较大不同,需要我们多方位系统化地进一步认识中国传统技术的特点。

Based on close relationship of ＂Six Strategies＂ showed by ＂Emperor Book＂ in Yiwenzhi of Hartshu knowledge system, the related content of ＂Emperor Book＂ in Yiwenzhi of Hanshu was carried out a statistical analysis. Besides, nature and characteristics of ＂Emperor Book＂ was studied. The results show that ＂Emperor Book＂ in Yiwenzhi of Hartshu totally has 34 kinds, 656 articles （volume） and 6 volume figures, which widely distributes in ＂philosophers strategy＂, ＂military strategy＂ and ＂medical strategy＂. It is a kind of book carrier to develop ideas and disseminate knowledge skills on the basis of emperor legend. It is a kind of writing form relied on by many schools and technical categories, and they use emperor＇s stories or legends to elaborate a certain point of view and inherit some skills. And it is closely related to daily life and production practice of ancients with an emphasis on professional knowledge of practical technology; Chinese ancients introduce tradition of technological civilization to concepts of patriarchal lineage to seek roots for a variety of practical technology and trace back to a king as the origin of thoughts or skills. ＂Emperor Book＂ takes form of the emperor＇s creation of theory, which reflects close relationship of patriarchal clan system between development of Chinese civilization and special development path of ancient society. Chinese traditional technical knowledge lays emphasis on words and deeds, as well as comprehension to inherit, it relatively lacks of construction of propositional knowledge theory. Compared with modern scientific and technological knowledge, there is a big difference which needs us to systematically further understand characteristics of Chinese traditional technology in multiple directions.