俄罗斯基础物理教育改革三十年述评

Review of Three Decades of Basic Physical Education Reform in Russia

俄罗斯于1993年、1998年、2004年、2010年四次颁布基础物理教育标准。根据这些标准的颁布及其所引发的教育改革时间段,本研究将俄罗斯自1988年起的基础物理教育现代化改革划分为五个阶段:萌芽阶段、探索阶段、发展阶段、成熟阶段和巩固阶段。从基础物理教育改革发展脉络、标准框架结构演变和改革理念更迭三个方面分析俄罗斯基础物理教育的改革进展,可以发现,俄罗斯在基础物理教育改革中并没有一味地仿效欧美等发达国家,而主要是坚持秉承自身的优良传统,改革呈现三大特色:"标准+大纲"并行的特有模式;教学负担的最大容量和必修内容的最低限制;演示实验在物理教学的重要性受到重视。

In 1993, 1998, 2004 and 2010, Russia promulgated four Basic Physics Education Standards successively. Based on the promulgation of these standards and the periods of education reform provoked, this study divides the modernization reform of the Russian basic education of physics since 1988 into five stages, i.e. infancy stage, exploration stage, development stage, maturity stage and consolidation stage. In this research the Russian basic physics reform process has been analyzed from the aspects of the reform and development context, structural evolution for the standard frame and renewal of reform idea. It makes clear that Russia did not follow the western developed countries in its common physics education reform, but it adhered to its good tradition. Russian physics education reform is characterized by its special paralleled pattern of ＂standard ＋ curriculum＂ , the maximum capacity of teaching burden with the minimum mandatory contents, and important role of the demonstrative experiments attached to the physics teaching process.