施肥方式和园龄对洛川苹果园土壤钙素退化的影响

Effects of fertilizing regime and planting age on soil calcium decline in Luochuan apple orchards

为明确黄土高原苹果产区施肥方式和园龄对土壤钙素含量和钙素贮量的影响,本研究以位于世界苹果优生区的陕西省洛川县苹果园为研究对象,分别研究不同施肥方式和不同园龄苹果园0~100 cm土层土壤碳酸钙、水溶性钙和交换性钙含量及其贮量的变化特征.结果表明:洛川县苹果园土壤钙素递减式退化现象严重,长期大量单施化肥苹果园土壤钙素退化现象明显大于化肥与农家有机肥配施苹果园,单施化肥苹果园比化肥与农家有机肥配施苹果园0~100 cm土层土壤碳酸钙、水溶性钙和交换性钙平均含量分别减少38.8%、25.4%和5.6%,3种形态土壤钙素贮量依次减少36.4%、26.0%和4.3%;苹果园土壤钙素退化程度随园龄增加不断加剧,园龄>25年苹果园比园龄≤10年苹果园0~100 cm土层土壤碳酸钙、水溶性钙和交换性钙平均含量分别减少48.8%、69.4%和39.5%,3种形态土壤钙素贮量分别减少40.8%、64.1%和33.0%.长期大量单施化肥和长期种植苹果树均对土壤碳酸钙、水溶性钙、交换性钙有明显的耗竭作用,钙素递减式退化特征明显,化肥与农家有机肥配施能够有效减缓土壤钙素退化,对于园龄>25年的高龄苹果园应加强土壤钙素管理.施肥方式是苹果园土壤钙素递减的驱动因素,钙素递减呈现出明显的时(园龄)空(土层深度)效应.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of fertilizing regime and orchard planting age on soil calcium contents and stocks in the apple orchards on the Loess Plateau. The apple orchards in Luochuan County, one of the best regions for apple plantation in the world, were selec- ted in this study. The contents of calcium carbonate, water-soluble calcium and exchangeable cal- cium at 0-100 cm soil layer under different fertilizing regimes and various planting ages were mea- sured, their stocks were calculated and their variation features were analyzed. The results showed that soil in the apple orchards in the study region was characterized by the decline in calcium con- tents. The decline was more serious in apple orchards with long-term application of chemical fertili- zer than in those with combined application of chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure. The average contents of calcium carbonate, water-soluble calcium and exchangeable calcium at 0-100 cm soil layer in apple orchards with long-term application of chemical fertilizer decreased by 38.8%, 25.4% and 5.6% respectively than those in the apple orchards with long-term application of both chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure. The stocks of calcium carbonate, water-soluble calcium and ex-changeable calcium decreased by 36.4%, 26.0% and 4.3%, respectively. The decline of soil cal- cium was aggravated with the increase of orchard planting age. The contents of calcium carbonate, water-soluble calcium and exchangeable calcium at 0-100 cm soil layer in orchards of more than 25 years of planting age decreased by 48.8%, 69.4% and 39.5% respectively, compared with orchards of less than 10 years of planting age, and the stocks decreased by 40.8%, 64.1% and 33.0%, re- spectively. These results indicated that either long-term application of chemical fertilizer or long- term plantation of apple trees obviously depleted soil calcium carbonate, water-soluble calcium and exchangeable calcium. Therefore, it was recommended that application of chemical fertilizer and far- myard manure should be combined to mitigate soil calcium decline, and calcium management should be strengthened in apple orchards of more than 25 years of planting age. The fertilizing re- gime was a driving factor of soil calcium decline which had a significant temporal （ orchard planting age） and spatial （ soil depth） effect.