数据与信息之间逻辑关系的探讨——兼及DIKW概念链模式

A Discussion on the Relationship Between Data and Information

数据与信息是图书情报学、信息科学、计算机科学等学科的两个基本术语,是构成学科的核心概念或范畴,然而两者之间的逻辑关系,长期以来一直没有厘清。文章通过文献研究法、概念分析法、历史研究法和比较研究法,在对国内外主要文献中有关概念内涵与外延进行分析的基础上,概括出四种代表性的观点,即"数据大于信息说""信息大于数据说""数据与信息等同说""数据与信息相对说"。其中,"数据大于信息说"影响最为广泛,这与DIKW概念链模式有关,而这个概念链模式的逻辑并不清楚,并不能很好地反映数据、信息、知识以及智慧之间的关系。对于数据与信息的关系,本文从哲学、人们约定俗成的惯例、信息与数据概念的变化过程、最新的国际组织及各国政府文件层面考虑,论证了"信息大于数据"的观点,认为此种观点更具解释力和合理性。图3。参考文献28。

Data and Information are the basic concepts and terms of Library Science, Information Science as well as Computer Science. With the advent of the Age of Big Data, Data has been widely used not only in the professional fields but in lots of other fields, which made the relationship of the two more complicated. Does the relationship belong to an equivalent relationship or an owner-member relationship？ If it is an ownermember relationship, is data larger or is information larger？ To clarify the relationship of the two from the interdisciplinary perspective has an important significance for managing the data and information as resources, guiding the increasingly rich information, big data practice, the education of library-information science students, and information management science students and the discussion of the theory system of the whole field of information. In this article, based on the analysis of the connotation and extension of data and information in the documents at home and abroad, the authors concluded four representative views as follows： the scope of data is larger than that of information, the scope of information is larger than that of Data, the scopes of data and information are the same, the scopes of data and the information are relative, through the conceptual analysis method, historical method and comparative method. Among the four views, the first that the scope of data is larger than that of information is the most popular because of the dissemination of the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom （DIKW） pyramid which is observed and generalized from the angle of computer science. If we analyze the DIKW Pyramid deeply, we will find its logic is not appropriate, and it can＇t reflect the relationship among the data, information, knowledge and wisdom. In the end, the authors put forward the view that the scope of Information is larger than that of Data from four perspectives, which are philosophy, conventional opinions, historical developments of the term of data and information, and related definitions in the latest international organizations and governments＇ documents. Information is divided into ontological information and epistemolog^cal information. Epistemological information contains data and non-data. The data can be divided into processing, meaningful data and temporarily meaningless, raw data. In addition to explicit knowledge, there is tacit knowledge which cannot be processed and is not meaningful. Wisdom, intelligence is also true. Therefore, it is not appropriate to describe the logical relationship of information, data, knowledge, wisdom and intelligence in a pyramid. 3 figs. 28 refs.