从“得君行道”到“觉民行道”——阳明“良知学”对道德理性的落实与推进

From “Having a Brilliant Monarch” to “Awakening People”——Wang Yangming's Application and Promotion of Ethic Reason by His “Study of Innate Knowledge”

宋明思想谱系的一贯性可以说是自理学形成以来一直到今天人们对于宋明理学的一种基本共识,但在宋、明两代理学之间,则既存在着思想指向之一定程度的游离,同时也存在着探索侧重的不断转向。对于这种游离与转向,人们既可以从理学的发展——比如朱子学裂变的角度进行分析,当然也可以从社会思潮转向的角度进行说明。但从作为朱明王朝所钦定之官方意识形态的角度看,则明代集权专制的强化与士人政治生态的恶化既是导致朱子学裂变的真正原因,同时也促使其原本带有"公共"性质的天理本体论不得不向着个体精神的层面进行落实;正是朱子学的裂变以及思想专制与政治生态的持续恶化所导致的个体觉醒,构成了阳明心学所以崛起的思想文化氛围;而其"随时知是知非"的良知则在唤醒个体精神的同时,也将宋代的"得君行道"追求推进到明代的"觉民行道"层面。

The consistency of the ideological system in Song and Ming Dynasties is a consensus to Confucian idealist philosophy ever since its formation. Nevertheless, there exists a certain deviation of ideological dimension and continuous turn of stress in probing between the studies of Song and Ming Dynasties. It can be analyzed from either the development of Confucian idealist philosophy, such as the division of Zhu Xi studies, and, of course, the turn of social trends of thought. But, in view of the official ideology set up by the Ming Dynasty, the strengthening of autocracy and the worsening of the scholars become the true reason leading to the division and, at the same time, promote its ontology of heavenly reason, which is originally ＂common＂, to have no option but to turn to its application to the stratum of individual mind. It is precisely the individual awakening caused by the division, the autocracy and the continuous worsening of political environment that constitute an ideological and cultural atmosphere for the rise of Wang Yangming＇s theory of mind, and the innate knowledge of ＂knowing right and wrong at any time＂ awakens individual mind and, at the same time, promotes a target of ＂having a brilliant monarch＂ in Song Dynasty to ＂awakening people＂ in Ming Dynasty.