中世纪晚期执教资格授予权的变迁——以巴黎大学为例

The Change of the Right of Conferring Licentia Docendi in the Late Middle Ages——A Case Study of the University of Paris

在巴黎大学形成前,由教会对教师进行资格审核的做法就已经出现。这一时期,巴黎主教座堂执事拥有唯一合法的执教资格授予权。在巴黎大学早期,学者行会就职礼制度的确立对执事权威提出了挑战。1227年,圣热内维耶夫修道院院长也获得了教皇认可的执教资格授予权,由执事垄断的执教资格授予权被一分为二。系科独立之后,巴黎大学建立了各系科自主负责的学位-执教资格授予体系,主教座堂执事最终丧失了授予执教资格的决定权。

Before the existence of the University of Paris, the Church owned the right of conferring the licentia docendi, with which scholars could teach others legally. In this period, it was only the Chancellor of Notre Dame who could confer the ＂license＂ to teach at Paris according to the common ecclesiastical law. But this extraordinary power of the chancellor was bound to decline as fast as the scholars attained a definite organization, universitas. In the early days of the University of Paris, universitas established an introduction ceremony, ＂inception＂, to against the authority of the chancellor and guard the autonomy of the univer- sity. In 1227, the abbot of Sainte-Genevieve was confirmed by Pope Gregory IX to grant li- centia docendi to candidates of theology, canon law, and arts. After the constitution of the four faculties, which are theology, canon law, medicine, and arts, the University of Paris established a conferring system of Degree-Licentia Docendi. Under this system, the candidate had to acquire certain degrees and got through series examinations before he was admitted into the guild.