《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》中“镜像规则”之突破——兼评我国合同立法下要约与承诺的合意判定

Breakthrough on Mirror Image Rule in CISG:Analysis on Determination of the Same Commitment with the Offer under China Contract Law

要求合同交易中承诺与原要约完全一致的"镜像规则"无论从法理、实践视角都颇受谴责,并成为现代合同法必须应对的重要问题之一。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》就该问题的突破性尝试为完善我国合同立法提供了理论支持和立法经验,鉴于当前我国相关立法逻辑不清晰、条款制度缺失等诸多问题,有必要进一步调整要约与承诺相关条款逻辑顺序,拓宽要约内容变更的外延,缩小要约实质性变更类型的范围,减少合同成立的必备要素,构建以合同目的为中心的要约实质性变更的确认标准,界定要约非实质性变更类型,同时,赋予"相互击倒规则"正式法律地位。

＂ Mirror image rule＂ that the contract trading patterns require exactly the same commitment with the original offer is condemned in terms of legislature and practice, and has become one of significant issues that the modern contract law has to address. The breakthrough experiment of CISG on this issue provides theoretical support and legislative experience for improve- ment of China Contract Law. Considering unclear legislative logic, incomplete terms, provisions, and many other problems in related legislature of China, it is necessary to further adjust the logi- cal order of offer and commitment related provisions, broaden the extension of ＂alteration＂ in an offer, narrow the scope that the contract makes a material alteration to the offer and decrease the essential elements for conclusion of a contract. It is also necessary to develop a confirmation standard of material alteration to the offer, taking the purpose of the contract as the center, define the type of non - substantive alteration to the offer, and grant a formal legal status to the ＂knock - out rule＂.