《告乡里文》所及稻作问题

To My Villagers and the Problems of Rice Cultivation Farming

中国传统的水稻栽培技术以育秧移栽为中心,辅之以耕、耙、耖为基本环节的整地技术,和以耘田、烤田为主的肥水管理技术,目的在于为水稻生长创造良好的生长环境,提高水稻的产量。这套行之有效的传统水稻栽培技术至宋元时期已基本定型,构成中国近千年来经济发展的一大基石。明清时期,水稻生产得到全面发展,但其所面临的自然灾害也越来越频繁。在原有稻作技术体系的基础上,如何应对自然灾害,增强抗御灾害的能力,成为稻作技术发展的新方向,而新方向的调整除了受制于自然因素之外,也要考虑到社会经济因素。收录在明崇祯《松江府志》卷6《物产》中徐光启《告乡里文》是研究徐光启生平及明清时期江南农业史的重要史料,其核心问题就是在水灾过后,如何恢复水稻生产。本文将在已有研究的基础上,对文中所涉及的品种、播种、育秧、移栽、买秧、水利排灌、农业改制等问题进行解读,试图为江南经济史研究提供新的理解。

Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties （10 to 14 century）, aimed to provide a good growth environment for rice growth and increasing the rice yield, Chinese traditional rice cultivation had created a set of skills that based on transplant rice seedling, complementary with the soil preparation of plowing, harrowing, pulverizing, weeding, and baking. This set of effective traditional rice cultivation techniques constituted a cornerstone of China＇s economic development in the past millennium. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties （14 to 20 century）, rice production get a/l-round development, at the same time, rice production in the face of natural disasters are becoming more frequent, how to deal with natural disasters, and enhance the ability to resist it became to be the new direction of technology development of rice that based on the original ones, and new direction adjustment needs to take social and economic factors into account besides natural factors. To my villagers, a newly found essay written by Xu Guangqi （ 1562 - 1633）, a famous scientist, statesman and one of the earliest Catholics towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, with important reference value to the study of agricultural history in Jiangnan area During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Its core issue is how to restore the rice production after the flood. This paper gives an interpretation and study based on its background that related with varieties, sowing, seedling, transplanting, buy seedling, irrigation and drainage, agricultural restructuring, and other problems, to provide a new understanding for the study of the Jiangnan Economic History.