整体论:人类理智方法论哥白尼式的革命

Holism: Copernican Revolution of Methodology in Human Reason

整体论滥觞于古希腊,当时亚里士多德已提出整体论的根本原则,即后由贝塔朗菲根据亚里士多德的阐述归结出"整体大于其部分之和"。至19世纪末20世纪初,整个人类理智领域爆发了一次彻底的方法论革命——整体论对基础论、还原论等既往主导性方法论的清算。整体论因此大行其道,几乎每一理智领域遵循"整体大于其部分之和"这一根本原则都有对整体论内涵的丰富,尤其对整体论外延分型的拓展甚是可观。对此,有必要设定自然科学、社会科学和哲学三个宏观领域,再从宏观到微观尝试对现当代的整体论乱象予以结构分明的梳理,厘清相关的概念,同时框定相关概念的外延。

Holism originated in the ancient Greece, Aristotle put forward the foundational principle of holism at that time, which Bertalanffy summarized as ＂the whole is larger than its parts＂ according to Aristotle＇s relative statements later. There was a radical revolution of methodology in the whole region of human reason by the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century： holism took the place of foundationalism, reductionism, and so on, which were dominating at past. Holism therefore makes its principle widely known and accepted to such an extent that each region of human reason nearly creates new connotations of holism abiding by the foundational principle that the whole is larger than its parts, especially the denotations expansion of holism is very considerable. To expound these, it is need to pay attentions to three macroscopic regions, namely, natural science, social science and philosophy; define relative concepts and make their denotations clear, so as to put contemporary holism that is mess in a more clear structure by the order： from the macroscopic to the microscopic.