大语言修辞观:修辞学学科属性及研究对象的思考

Rhetorical Concept of Macro-Languages:Reflection on Subject Attribute and Research Object of Rhetoric

汉语修辞学的学科属性存在语言与言语之争。修辞学研究应该超越语言或言语的界域,以其上位的"言语活动"为对象。从符号学观点看,修辞是对语言符号的运用,这种运用又构成了另一个层级的符号,即修辞符号。语言符号是静态符号,修辞符号则是动态符号。语言符号用来交际时就负载了特定交际内容,于是就成了修辞符号的能指,即"修辞形式";而特定的交际内容便是修辞符号的所指,即"修辞意义"。修辞,就是言语主体借助修辞形式在语境作用下生成修辞意义以有效实现修辞旨意的言语活动;修辞学,则以揭示运用修辞符号有效表达修辞旨意的言语活动规律,亦即修辞旨意符号化的规律为其基本任务和研究路向。

In the subject attribute of Chinese rhetoric,there is a disputed problem between langue and parole. This paper holds the view that the study of rhetoric should go beyond the boundaries of langue or parole and should take the hypenym 'speech acts'as studying object. From the point of view of semiotics,rhetoric is the use of language symbols and this kind of use constitutes another level of symbols,namely rhetoric symbols. The language symbol is the static one,while the rhetoric is dynamical. Language symbol is loaded with specific content when used for communication. Whereupon,it becomes the signifier of rhetoric symbol,namely 'rhetorical form'; meanwhile the specific content of communication becomes the signified of rhetoric symbols,namely 'rhetorical significance'. Rhetoric is exactly a speech act for a speech subject to achieve the rhetoric will,by using certain rhetoric forms,under the action of context,to generate rhetoric signification.The basic task and research direction of rhetoric is to reveal the law of speech acts by effectively using rhetoric symbols to express rhetorical will,in other words,the law of symbolizing rhetorical will.