“人”的重建:周作人笔下的“兽”“人”“鬼”“神”形象

The Reconstruction of “Ren”:Images of “Beast”,“Human”,“Ghost” and “God” in Zhou Zuoren's Works

人学思想是周作人文学思想的核心命题,贯穿于周从早年"人的文学"到晚年对《路吉阿诺斯对话集》的翻译。其笔下的"人"生活在"兽""鬼""神"的参照系中,厘清这一谱系是理解周作人的人学思想的关键之一。本文从人禽之辨、人与鬼、人与神三个方面来梳理周笔下的"兽""人""鬼""神"形象。在笔者看来,"兽"是周建立人的生物学基础;"人"是灵肉一致,兽性与神性的结合;"鬼"是人生喜惧愿望之投影,但"故鬼重来"的忧惧则是周对国民劣根性与蛮性的批判——从奴性、麻木、嗜杀到制艺与圣道之文化遗传;"神"则是权威与压迫的化身,成为周抵抗言论压制,拒绝博学鸿词征召之工具。而希腊诸神则是例外,其实他们对周而言则是人格化的神,是充满人性光辉的真人。

Humanism is the core of the literary ideology of Zhou Zuoren,which runs through his works from 'human literature'in his early years to the translation of The Works of Lucian of Samosata in his late years. The 'human'in his writing lives in the frame of reference of 'beast','ghost'and 'god'; this lineage is one of the keys to understanding Zhou Zuoren 's humanism. This paper discusses the images of'beast','human','ghost'and 'god'from three aspects: differences between human and beast,human and ghost,and human and god. In my opinion,the 'beast'is the biological basis of 'human'. 'Human'is the union of spirit and body,beast and divinity. 'Ghost'is the projection of fear or desire of life,and is criticized as a symbol of the servility,numbness,murderousness of Chinese people and the cultural inheritance.'God'is the embodiment of authority and oppression,which is the tool Zhou Zuoren used to resist the suppression of speech and to reject the power words. However,the Greek gods are exceptions who are,in fact,the personified gods and the real humanity.