摘要
In recent years, smart manufactur-ing has been the focus of competitionand collaboration between countriesaround the world. The major developedand developing countries are speedingup their strategic planning and layoutfor smart manufacturing. Germany, theUnited States, and China have releasedthe Industry 4.0, Smart Process Man-ufacturing, and Made in China 2025initiatives, respectively, which aim ata deep integration of information andcommunication technology and man-ufacturing technology, thus achieving seamless integration of prod-ucts, equipment, humans, and organizations.
