美国国际法思想的演进与《联合国宪章》

The Evolution of American International Law Thinking and the United Nations Charter

国际政治与国际法不可分家,联合国是两者一个重要的契合点。从一定意义上说,互为表里的联合国组织和《联合国宪章》是美国国际法思想演进的产物。威尔逊总统时期和罗斯福总统时期是美国国际法思想演进至关重要的阶段。威尔逊"十四点计划"的一大核心是建立国际联盟,国际联盟是后来的普遍性国际组织联合国的前奏,国际联盟原初所设想的民主平等原则、民族自决原则、集体安全原则是二战之前美国国际法思想的集中体现。推动创建联合国组织,积极制定《联合国宪章》,则是罗斯福国际法思想在实践中最重要的体现,而二战时期美国国际法思想也最集中地体现在罗斯福致力于创建联合国的实践中。《联合国宪章》所体现的公平正义思想、国家主权和保护人权思想、国际法治思想都和美国国际法思想息息相关。

International politics and international law cannot be separated and the United Nations is an important junction point of the two.In a sense,the United Nations organization and the United Nations charter are the products of the evolution of American international law thinking.The period under President Woodrow Wilson and that under President Roosevelt are the crucial stages of the evolution of American international law thinking.One of the main points of Wilson's'Fourteen points plan'is the establishment of the League of Nations,which is the prelude to the later universal international organization—the United Nations.The principles of democratic equality,of national self-determination,and of collective security originally envisaged by the League of Nations are the main embodiment of American International Law thinking before World war II.The most important embodiment of Roosevelt's international law thinking in practice is the creation of the United Nations,and the adoption of the establish United Nations charter.Roosevelt's dedication to the creation of the United Nations in practice is the most concentrated expression of American international law thinking during World War II.The thought of fairness and justice,state sovereignty and the protection of human rights,international rule of law of the United Nations charter are closely related to the American International law thinking.