中国制造业出口企业是否存在绩效优势——基于不同产业类型的检验

Do Export Firms Outperform Non-Export Ones? An Empirical Study on Different Classification of Manufacturing Industries in China

本文基于2005-2009年中国工业企业数据,构建了反映制造业企业经营绩效的生产率指标、规模指标和财务指标体系,区分高技术、中高技术、中低技术和低技术四种产业类型,采用PSM方法,全方位对比了新出口企业与相匹配的非出口企业的绩效优势。研究发现,中国制造业出口企业整体上不存在"自选择效应"和"学习效应",低生产率企业出口倾向更高,出口带来了显著的就业扩张效应和收入提高效应,但并未带来生产率的提高和资产回报率的改善;区分不同产业类型来看,中高技术出口企业存在显著的"学习效应",绩效表现明显优于其他类型企业,低技术出口企业绩效表现最差。基于本文的研究,提出如下政策建议:一是稳步推进外贸结构升级;二是将中高技术产业作为培育中国出口竞争优势的重点领域;三是加大对高技术产业自主创新的支持力度。

Using Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database between 2005 and 2009, this paper constructs indicators, from aspects of efficiency, size and financing condition, to explore comprehensively the new- entry exporters＇ performance advantage over non-exporters by the method of PSM. The manufacturing industries are then classified into four categories, namely high-technology, medium-high-technology, medium-low-technology and low-technology, for detailed study. The results show that neither self- selection effect nor learning-by-exporting effect exits in Chinese exporters on the whole. Firms with lower productivity show higher export preference. Export is helpful for employment expansion and income increase; however, it does not enhance productivity and return on asset improvement. Firms in medium-high-technology industry learn by exporting significantly with obviously better performance than those in other categories, while low-technology export firms＇ performance is the worst. The policy implication is as follows： first, foreign trade structure needs to be upgraded steadily; second, medium- high-technology industry is suggested to be the key area to cultivate competitive advantage for export; third, increasing support to high-technology industry should be considered.