论程朱理学之异同

On the Coherence and Difference between Cheng Brothers' Theory and Zhu Xi's Theory

过去的学术界通常将程朱理学不作区分。程朱理学究竟有哪些同与异?二者的共同处在于将"理"视为某种超越于经验的、绝对的存在,它是某类事物的所以然者或自性。在程朱看来,宇宙是一个整体性存在,宇宙整体的生存之道便是天理或公道,这个天理或公道便是仁。这是他们的一致处。不同处在于,二程之理只有公理、天理,它不仅是宇宙之理,也是万物之理,即万物分有了同一个天理;朱熹则认为宇宙不仅有天理、公道,而且每类事物包括无生意的种类都有自己的理,世上不仅有公理,而且有不同的别理。这是二程理学所没有的观点。

Few scholars have differentiated Zhu Xi＇s theory from Brothers＇ theory. Are there any ditterence and coherence betweenthe two theories？ The agreement between the two theories rests on the view that the Principle is something absolute and a prior, whichrefers to the identity of something or itself. From the vantage point of Chengs＇ and Zhu＇s common view, the universe is a whole unitwhose life abides by some principle. This principle is called the way of the heaven, which according to Confucian view, idertifies withbenevolence. This is the coherence of the two. Brothers theory espouses the unique principle which functions either as a principle of theuniverse, or as a principle effecting for all beings. Everything in the world conforms to the principle. Zhu Xi proposed that there was ei-ther a public principle for the universe or a diversity of principles for individual kind. There is either a public principle or some specificprinciples, which differs from his precursors＇.