日本明治时期军政与军令分立的演变过程

The Differentiation of Japanese Military Administration from Military Command Systems in the Meiji Period

明治政府创立之初,日本陆海军没有区分军政和军令,而是由从属于太政官的陆军省和海军省实施一元管理。经过一系列的军事改革与调整,日军最终确立了军事二元制体制：陆军参谋本部和海军军令部作为军令的统帅机关,隶属于天皇;陆军省和海军省作为军政的首脑机关,隶属于内阁。日本陆海军政令的分立,从短期来看提高了陆海军各自的作战指挥能力,但从长远来看,不仅加剧了陆海军之间的对立状况,而且导致陆海军的建设和作战脱节,同时为日本走向疯狂的侵略战争埋下祸根。

During the Meiji period,the Japanese Army and Navy didn’t differentiate the military administration from military command.Rather, they were under the management of Ministry of War and Ministry of Navy,both attached to the Daijō-kan. After Series of reforms and adjustments,the Japanese armed forces finally established the military dual system: the Army Chiefs and the Navy General Staff as the commander?authorities of the command system, which were attached to the Emperor of Japan; Ministry of War and Ministry of Navy as the heads of the military administration system, which were attached to the Cabinet. In the short run, the differentiation between military administration and command system enhanced the operational command capability of Japanese Army and Navy. However, in the long run, the new mechanism not only intensified the conflict between Japanese Army and Navy, but also led to the disconnection of military buildingfrom actualfighting, and sowed the seeds of crazy invasive wars.