从简帛材料看汉初黄老之术的实质

Research on the Essence of Huang&Lao Theory at the Beginning of Han Dynasty from the Unearthed Bamboo and Silk Documents

将郭店楚墓竹简《太一生水》、马王堆汉墓帛书"黄帝四经"、云梦睡虎地秦简、张家山汉简《二年律令》等简帛材料与传世文献比勘,重新审视汉初黄老之术的实质:"无为"只是手段,"治"才是目的,与汉宣帝口中杂以霸王道的"汉家自有制度"无分彼此。道家以"道"为起点,从老子开始,经百家争鸣,与阴阳、儒、墨、名、法诸家思想杂糅之后,变为两大支流:一支经稷下学者改造为"君人南面之术",亦即"无不为"的黄老之术;另一支由庄子将"独任清虚"放大为"无为"。《史记·论六家之要指》本已拨云见日,惜乎汉武之后,道家风头被儒术一遮,黄老风头又被老庄一遮,黄老之术的真面目才朦胧模糊起来。

We could review the essence of Huang&Lao theory at the beginning of Han Dynasty by compared the relevant Bamboo and Silk documents with the historical materials,such as'inaction'just means and'govern'was the destination. The Taoism begin with 'Dao',starting from Laozi,after the competition of hundred schools of thought,maxed with all thoughts of Naturalism,Confucianism,Mohism,Minsm and Legalism etc.,that developed into two branches. One was'the art of being an emperor'by the transformation of Jixia scholars,that was the Huang&Lao theory. Another was called go with the flow to'inaction'by Zhuangzi. The article of Lun Liujia Zhi Yaozhi in Shi Ji has already tell us the essence of Huang&Lao theory,but the policy of exclusive dedication to Confucianism and the impact of Zhuangzi thought in after the region of Wu emperor Han Dynasty,the true features of Huang&Lao theory became blurred.