重论西周一继一及继承制——王国维《殷周制度论》商榷

The Appearance and Decline of Hereditary System in the Zhou Dynasty——On Wang Guowei's On the System in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties

先周时代周人实行兄终弟及制,因此,周公据武王"乃今我兄弟相后"的意愿,即位为王。据兄终弟及制,周公理应再传位于管叔、蔡叔等其他的兄弟。但周公却力图改革,推行一继一及制,即传一次子,传一次弟,再传一次子,再传一次弟,依次类推。从而使管蔡即位为君的希望成为泡影。管蔡联合武庚叛乱,周公予以镇压,捍卫了新生的一继一及制。根据一继一及制,周公本可以传位于其子伯禽,但却传位于武王之子成王,以表明改制创新的公而无私。一继一及制在西周时期盛行了二百余年,"厉始革典",周厉王改革旧制,不再传弟而传子。此后周王朝基本上确立了"子继之法"。早在上世纪20年代末,中外学者虽然相继发现了一继一及制,但却囿于王国维西周实行"立子立嫡"即嫡长制的成见,不能对一继一及制做出正确的判断。上世纪80年代以来,更兴起了对一继一及制的否定抹杀之风。有必要通过讨论,恢复历史的本来面目。

In the early Zhou Dynasty,the system that younger brother succeeded to the throne from elder brother was adopted.Thus,Zhou Gong succeeded to the throne according to the will of the king of Wu Kingdom.Accordingly,Zhou Gong should leave the throne to other brothers such as Guan Shu or Cai Shu.However,Zhou Gong attempted to reform the succession system,and adopted'Yi Ji Yi Ji'System,which means leaving his throne to his son,then to his son's brother,then to his son's brother's son,and so on.As a result,Guan Shu and Cai Shu's succession hope was ruined and they revolted with Wu Geng.However,their revolt ended with failure.Zhou Gong protected the new succession system.According to the new system,Zhou Gong could leave his throne to his son,Bo Qin.But he left his throne to Cheng Wang,the son of the king of Wu Kingdom to express that he was not selfish.'Yi Ji Yi Ji'System existed in the Western Zhou Dynasty for more than 200 years till the reform of the king Zhou Li who began to leave his throne only to his son instead of leaving it to his brothers.After this,the first son of the lineal descents inheritance system was adopted in Zhou Dynasty.Early in 1920s,scholars from China and other countries have found'Yi Ji Yi Ji'System.However,they were restricted by Wang Guowei's opinion that Western Zhou Dynasty adopts the first son of the lineal descents inheritance system and couldn't make right comment on'Yi Ji Yi Ji'System.Even worse,In 1980s,'Yi Ji Yi Ji'System was completely denied.Therefore,further discussion is needed to reveal the truth of history.