明末的中枢决策与权力格局演进:以崇祯帝“改票”为视角

The Evolvement of the Central Decision-making and Power Pattern in the Late Ming Dynasty:From the Perspective of the Emperor Chongzhen's “Changing the Memorial to the Throne”

明末崇祯帝在位期间,对内阁票拟意见的更改成为其理政的惯性,"改票"之举成为崇祯朝凸显的政治现象。崇祯帝通过对大小章奏的"改票",试图表明其在理政能力上对阁臣群体的全面超越,同时展现出对士大夫辅政的戒备与疏离。阁臣对崇祯帝"改票"的态度,经历了从试图匡救国事到完全将顺逢迎的前后变化。崇祯帝的"改票"使得原有的票拟-批红决策模式呈现出不同的面貌,同时"改票"之举也消解了内阁的辅弼职能,并为宦官参政提供了更大空间。由崇祯朝的"改票"现象向前回溯,可以勾勒出明末皇权强化的演进路径。

It is common for Emperor Chongzhen to change the Grand Seeretariat＇s memorials during the reign, which makes the change a significant political phenomenon. Emperor Chongzhen tries to show that he has more ability to handle government affairs than grand secretaries, and his alertness and alienation to grand secretaries are also revealed through his act of the change. The grand secretaries＂ attitude changes from trying to reverse the situation to humbleness and ingratiation. Emperor Chongzhen＇s practice of the change makes central decision making model show different features from the past. At the same time, it dispels the assistant functions of the Grand Secretariat and provides a greater space for eunuchs to grasp more authority. Further-more, when we study this phenomenon retrospectively, we can outline the path of imperial power enhancement in the late Ming Dynasty.