不同品种蔬菜重金属污染评价和富集特征研究

Enrichment Characteristics Analysis and Assessment on Heavy Metal Contamination of Different Vegetables

运用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,并通过因子分析和变异系数分析对17种不同的蔬菜品种进行了重金属污染评价和富集特征研究,以期在保证蔬菜安全生产的前提下为耕地资源的充分利用提供合理的建议。重金属污染评价结果表明,17个蔬菜品种中,污染程度处于安全的有4种:水东红灯笼脆甜芥菜(Brassica juncea(L.)Czern.et Coss.)、大坪铺大肉包心芥菜(Brassica juncea(L.)Czern.et Coss)、大坪铺中迟熟包心芥菜(Brassica juncea(L.)Czern.et Coss.)、南畔洲迟萝卜(Raphanus sativus);警戒线的有8种:四九31号油青甜菜心(Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee)、70d油菜心(Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee)、31号甜菜心(Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee)、玉兔5号青梗小白菜(Brassica pekinensis Rupr.),如意快菜(Brassica pekinensis Rupr.)、北京小杂56(Brassica pekinensis Rupr.)、荷兰豆(Pisum sativum)、短叶13号白萝卜(Raphanus sativus);轻度污染的有2种:60 d油菜心(Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee)、毛豆(Glycine max);中度污染的有2种:全年抗热油麦菜(Lactuca sativa var longifoliaf Lam.)、特选青梗莙荙菜(Beta vulgaris L.),重度污染的有1种:芫荽(Coriandrum sativum L.)。处于安全范围内的4种蔬菜品种可以作为该农田蔬菜安全生产的优选品种。因子分析表明,Cd是造成该批蔬菜重金属污染的主要因子。通过对该批蔬菜富集特征进行研究:不同品种蔬菜对Cr的富集差异较大,Cd次之,Pb、Hg和As则相对较小。17种蔬菜品种中,对Cr、Cd、Pb的富集系数最小的是萝卜1(南畔洲迟萝卜);对As富集系数最小的是芥菜1(精选水东红灯笼脆甜芥菜);对Hg富集系数最小的则有多种蔬菜,包括2种豆类(荷兰豆、毛豆)和2种萝卜(南畔迟萝卜、短叶13号白萝卜)。以上结果可以作为重金属低积累型蔬菜品种筛选的一个依据。

This research applied single factor and comprehensive contaminant index methods to analyze the heavy metal accumulation characteristics of 17 vegetable species in order to ensure the safety of vegetable production and safe utilization of agriculture soils. The results of heavy metals pollution evaluation showed that, 4 vegetables： Shuidong leaf mustard （Brassica juncea （L.） Czern. et Coss.）, Dapingpu more pulp leaf mustard （Brassica juncea （L.） Czern. et Coss.）, Dapingpu late leaf mustard （Brassica juncea （L.） Czern. et Coss.）, and Nanpanzhou late white radish （Raphanus sativus） were in security; 8 vegetables： Sijiu No.31 Chinese flowering cabbage （Brassica campestris L. ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee）, 70 days Chinese flowering cabbage （Brassica campestris L. ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee）, No.31 sweet Chinese flowering cabbage （Brassica campestris L. ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee）, Yutu No.5 Green stem chinese cabbage （Brassica pekinensis Rupr.）, Ruyi chinese cabbage （Brassica pekinensis Rupr.）, Beijing No.56 chinese cabbage （Brassica pekinensis Rupr.）, Snow pea（Pisum sativum）, and Short leaf No.13 white radish （Raphanus sativus） were near the warning limit; 2 vegetables： 60 days Chinese flowering cabbage （Brassica campestris L. ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee）, and green soy bean （Glycine max） were slightly polluted; 2 vegetables： Heat-resisting leaf lettuce （Lactuca sativa var longifoliaf. Lam）, and Green stem spinach beet （Beta vulgaris L.） were moderately polluted; and 1 vegetable： Corainder （Coriandrum sativum L.） was heavily polluted. Therefore, the 4 vegetables in security can be used in safety production. Factor analysis showed that Cd was the main contaminant of the tested vegetables. For the heavy metal accumulation in vegetables, Cr had the greatest variation coefficient and then was Cd, while the accumulation of Pb, Hg, and As had little variation. From the view of heavy metal enrichment factor, white radish 1 （Nanpanzhou late white radish） had the lowest accumulation ability for Cr, Cd and Pb; leaf mustard 1 （Shuidong leaf mustard） had the lowest accumulation ability for As; while 2 kinds of beans （Snow pea and green soy bean） and 2 kinds of white radishes （Nanpanzhou late white radish and Short leaf No.13 white radish） had the lowest accumulation ability for Hg. These vegetable species and varieties could be used for future screening of low heavy metal accumulation vegetables.