中国近代营造厂的衍生及其师承、社会和建筑师之间的关系

Relationship between the Chinese Construction Firms' Derivation and its Discipleship,Society and Architects

在中国近代时期,由水木作坊衍生的中国工匠组织是以工程承包、投标的方式进入到建筑实践市场;最初从零散个体或有限群体,并没有有效组织,之后当建筑的生产日趋复杂化、需依靠集体合作完成时,为适应营造业的发展,水木作坊便开始转型,告别作坊式的经营模式,就产生了第一家中国营造厂(1880年),投入到市场竞争中;再之后,新的营造厂不断出现,其中不少是从原有的营造厂分支出来的,各营造厂之间还衍生出师承等不同社会关系,并与建筑师形成绵密的业务联系。

In Chinese modern times, the Chinese craftsmen organization derived from Shuimu Workshop entered into the market of construction practice in way of project contracting and bidding; from scattered individual or limited group without effective organization at the beginning, and when building production had become increasingly complicated, and the collective collaboration were badly needed, Shuimu Workshop began to transform its business model in order to adapt to the development of construction industry. Thus, the first construction firm was come into being （1880）. After that, the new construction companies emerged one after the other, many of which were branched from the original construction firms. Different social relations of educational background were bred between the construction firms, which formed a close connection in business with the architects.