土王祭祀、家族建构与国家认同——以湘西田家洞村舍巴节为中心的考察

Tuwang Worship,Family Construction and State Identity:An Investigation of Sheba Festival in Tianjiadong Village of Xiangxi

土王崇拜与祭祀之风,土司时代曾经遍及湘西土司区及周边地区,是当地最为普遍且重要的祭祀活动。清代改土归流后,田家洞长官司后裔用文字建立家族谱系,重建符合正统身份的祖先记忆,家户层面的土王崇拜被转化为神龛祭祖的形式,公共祭祀层面的土王崇拜也出现了家族化的趋势,土王神被赋予社神、五谷神和田氏祖先等多重角色。土王祭祀活动的变迁,折射出清代湘西土司区社会在国家力量直接渗透之下独特的历史发展脉络,是民间社会主动操控地方文化和权力资源,对国家正统文化和意识形态借用和创造的结果。

Tuwang（live Tusi,the leader of Tujia ethnic group）worship and ritual were popular in Xiangxi and its surrounding areas during the Tusi times.After gaituguiliu（bureaucratization of native officers）in the Qing Dynasty（1636—1912）,the descendants of Tusi in Tiangjiadong Village established family linage with characters and reconstructed ancestor memory that beseemed their identities.Tuwang was endowed to several important gods.The transition of Tuwang worship and ritual reflects the unique historical development of the Tusi-ruled areas in Xiangxi directly permeated by state power,showing a fact that the folk society has actively controlled local culture and power to change cultural legitimacy and ideology.