从腹地到边镇:明代陕西镇的形成与演变

From the Hinterland to the Frontier:Studies on the formation and evolution of the Shaanxi Garrison in the Ming Dynasty

陕西镇是明代九边之一。但目前学界普遍将固原镇等同于陕西镇,认为固原镇的历史就是陕西镇的全部历史。本文以为,固原镇只是陕西镇后一个阶段。陕西镇经历了一个形成与演变的过程。天顺初,随着河套蒙古活动加剧,陕西镇守武将重设,陕西成为军镇。此后,为更好抵御蒙古,陕西镇守总兵开始移驻固原,其职责也以专门防御蒙古为主,正德时,陕西镇成为边镇,并名列九边之中。嘉靖初期,陕西总兵专驻固原成为定制,于是渐有固原镇的称呼,二者合二为一,最终固原镇的称呼成为主流。不过这仅是因地俗称的结果,其他制度并未改变。陕西镇形成与演变的历史,反映的是明中后期北部防线内缩所造成的内地边防化的尴尬和无奈。

Shaanxi Garrison is one of the Nine Military Fortitications in the Mmg Dynasty. However, at present, it＇ s commonly regarded the same as Guyuan Garrison, and the evolution of Guyuan Garrison is mixed as the whole evolution of Shaanxi Garrison. In this paper, Guyuan Garrison is corrected as the last evolutionary stage of Shaanxi Garrison. Shaanxi Garrison has experienced a process of formation and evolution. In early time of the Emperor Tianshun years, with the increase in harassment from Mongolia upon Hetao region, Shaanxi area stationed troops and key construction, and be- came the military garrison. From then on, in order to more effectively defense Mongolia, the Guard General Command of Shaanxi began moving to Guyuan area, and continued the specific duty against Mongolia. Later during the Emperor Zhengde years, Shaanxi Garrison was officially formed and included into the system of the Nine Military Fortifications. Then in the early Emperor Jiajing years, the Shaanxi Guard General Command settled down in Guyuan as regulation, and the address of Guyuan Garrison came into being. Since then, the two garrisons were deemed into one, and the ad dress of Guyuan Garrison became the mainstream. However, it＇ s the result of being known for custom, the concrete systems remained. The history of the formation and evolution of the Shaanxi Garrison reflects the embarrassment and compromise of the mainland border defense caused by the internalizing defense of the northern part of the Ming Dynasty.