种族、性别与残疾:美国体育领域中的反歧视法律问题

Race,Gender and Disability:Legal Issues of the Anti-Discrimination in U.S. Sports

自建国以来,美国职业体育运动与学校体育运动中,一直存在着严重的种族歧视、性别歧视与残疾歧视,尤其以种族歧视为甚。20世纪后半叶,由于社会、政治与经济形势的变化,美国体育领域的歧视与反歧视斗争开始进入司法领域,体育领域内的歧视成为美国联邦与各州法律规制的内容。对体育领域的歧视问题,美国法院主要是适用美国宪法第14修正案(Amendment XIV to the U.S.Constitution),《公民权利法》第6章与第7章(Civil Rights Act Title VI & Title VII)、《美国法典》第1981节(42 USC§1981)、《教育法》第9章(Education Act Title IX)、《康复法》(Rehabilitation Act)、《残疾美国人法》(Americans with Disabilities Act)的相关内容来进行矫正。在反歧视法律诉讼中,涉嫌实施了歧视行为的体育组织或教育机构是否属于公法意义上的政府组织(state actor),对它们是否承担法律责任具有重要的意义。

There has been serious racial, gender and disable discrimination in the U.S. professional and school sports from the foundation of the Country especially the racial discrimination. In the last half of 20＇h century, with the changes of social, political and economic developments, the struggle of and anti-discrimination had entered the judicial court and the rules of law began to regula sports discrimination te the discriminations in sports. The U.S. courts apply the Amendment XIV to the U.S. Constitution, Civil Rights Act Title VI, Title VII, 42 USC ~1981, Education Act Title IX, Rehabilitation Act, Americans with Disabilities Act to the sports discrimination eases. It is important to identify whether the status of the sports organizations and the schools are state actors in the sense of public law or not for them to be liable for the alleged discrimination.