前工业化时期英国治安法官与劳资纠纷的化解

Justices of the Peace and Solution of Industrial Disputes in Pre-industrial England

前工业化时期,英国政府为化解劳资纠纷,出台一系列劳工立法,授权治安法官厘定劳工的工资标准与裁决劳资纠纷。治安法官作为国家的代理人与地方社会的管理者,根据劳工立法管制劳工与雇主的行为,运用罚金、鞭笞或监禁等方式惩罚违法劳工与雇主,从而形成以治安法官为权力主体的劳资纠纷化解机制。治安法官遵循家长制理念化解劳资纠纷,一方面保护劳工与雇主的合法权利,另一方面要求劳工与雇主服从劳工法令,其目的是强化政府权威与维护社会秩序。治安法官化解劳资纠纷的实践,有利于近代英国社会的稳定转型与国家的有序发展,并为后发现代化国家构建良性劳资关系提供有益借鉴。

The English Government passed a series of labor laws to solve industrial disputes, and authorized justices of the peace to determine wages of workers and adjudicate labor disputes in Pre-industrial England. As the agent of state and governor of local society,justices of the peace regulated behaviors of employers and workers in according to labor laws, making use of fines,whips and prisons to punish illegal employers and workers. As a result,justices of the peace were the main powerful body of mechanism to industrial disputes resolution in pre-industrial England. According to paternalism,on the one hand,justices of the peace protected rights of employers and workers; on the other hand,justices of the peace required employers and workers to obey labor laws. Its aim was to strengthen authority of government and maintain social order. The practices of justices of the peace to solve industrial disputes were vital to social transition and development of state in modern England, and could set a good example for late countries to construct favorable industrial relations.