德性与功利的批判——马克思实践哲学范式探析

The Transcendence of the Praxis and the Utilitarianism:On the paradigm of Marx's practical philosophy

实践哲学古已有之,从德性伦理实践哲学到功利伦理实践哲学以至马克思的实践哲学,展示了实践哲学不断充实、丰富和发展的生动画卷。但是,社会发展程度的时代局限决定了德性伦理实践哲学的局限,功利主义实践观矫正了德性伦理实践哲学的思辨和片面,强调人们对现实物质利益的追求,强调以"最大多数人的最大幸福"为旨归,但是它的理论立足点和资本逻辑使其带有严重的负面效应。马克思的实践哲学通过政治经济学批判的范式,通过深入批判资本主义的市民社会,才使德性伦理的实践观获得现实基础,才使功利主义的实践观得到矫正和批判。政治经济学批判不是单纯的经济学批判,而是包含了马克思哲学世界化和世界哲学化的理想。

Practical Philosophy has had a long history, witnessing the course of successive enrichment and advances from the ancient virtue ethics to the later utilitarian ethics up to Marx＇s practical philosophy. To be specific, the era localization decided Virtue Ethics, which was transcended by Utilitarian Ethics that rectified the speculativeness and one-sidedness of Virtue Ethics by emphasizing the reality that people would pursue material benefit and the advocacy of the maximal happiness of the majority. But Speculative Ethics bears severe negative effects owing to its theoretical foundation and capital logic. Marx＇s Practical Philosophy pinned down on earth the practical view of Spe＇culative Ethics by a critical paradigm of Political Economics, that is, by criticizing the civil society of the capitalism in terms of dialectical and historical metarialism. The cri- tique of political economics is not a pure economic criticism ; rather, it conceives the ideal of the Marxist philosophical world view and world philosophicalization.