陀思妥耶夫斯基的自由问题:“人神”还是“神人”?

Dostoevsky's Problem of Freedom:Man-god or God-man?

陀思妥耶夫斯基作品的主人公有人神和神人两个基本类型,前者是富于理性精神和自由意志的现代思想者的精神群像,后者是基督教传统中以基督为典范的理想人格的代表。通过这两类人物的对比,陀思妥耶夫斯基探讨的是自由问题:人神以独立自由的思想武装自己,试图按自由意志改造世界,把人类的生存建立在理性规划的基础上,看似是追求人类的自我解放,但最终会走向专制和不自由。反之,类基督的神人通过效法基督的虚己,以自由之爱取代理性权威和强制性,才是自由精神的真正化身。

Man-god and God-man are the two basic types of protagonists in Dostoevsky＇s works. The former is the spiritual image of modern thinkers with rational spirit and free will, while the latter represents the ideal personality in Christian tradition, following the example of Christ. Dostoevsky explored the problem of freedom by comparison of the two types. Armed with the idea of independence and freedom, Men-gods aim at reforming the world according to their free will and living on the basis of rational planning, which seems like pursuing human emancipation but actually will lead to autocracy and illiberality. On the contrary, God-men who resemble Christ, by practicing the teaching of kenoticism and replacing rational authority and compulsion with free love, are the real ＂incarnation＂ of the spirit of freedom.