涉外法律适用的冲突正义——以法律关系本座说为中心

Conflict Justice in the Application of Law in Foreign Civil Relations

将冲突正义的内涵设定为判决一致,不仅存在着实践中的困难,而且其作为外在工具性价值难以为双边冲突规范体系提供充分的正当性基础。将冲突正义理解为适用空间上最好的法律,也难以避免进一步的质疑。因此宜回溯到法律关系本座说,在萨维尼的私法体系、历史法学以及康德道义论伦理观等编织而成的整体脉络中探究冲突正义的内涵。对人的平等对待和自由意志的尊重构成了萨氏涉外法律适用的价值基础。自由和平等价值依赖于以罗马法和基督教为支柱的国际法律共同体的预设。伴随欧洲民族国家法典化进程和基督教的式微,冲突正义也面临着挑战。全球化背景下国际民商事交往中社会行动的复杂性以及与之相伴而生的主体行为的偶然性,需要与之相适应的合作体系。国家无法在所有的涉外民事关系领域主动地发挥参与和塑造功能,难以全面构建实质性公正标准并依其型塑主体的行为方式。秉持平等和自由价值,通过发现当事人自愿遵循或者经过商谈后合意确立的规范体系,可以实现当事人"期望的期望"的契合和相互调适。

Conflict justice should not be understood as the uniform application of law, because it is not only confronted with the practical obstacle, but, as an instrumental value, also unable to provide sufficient justification for the conflict law system. Neither equating conflict justice with the application of the spatially best law can avoid further questioning. The content of conflict justice should be ex- plored in the whole context of Savigny＇ s private law system, historical jurisprudence and Kant＇ s de- ontology ethics. The equal treatment of subjects and the respect for their free will constitute the basic value of application of law. Along with the codification of law in European states and the decline of Christianity, conflict justice is also facing challenges. In the process of globalization, the complexity of social activities＇ in international civil and commercial relations and the incidental behaviors of sub- jects demand corresponding cooperation system. The state does not have the capability to participate in all foreign-related civil relations, and it has difficulty in constructing substantive standards of jus- tice and shape the behavior pattern of subjects. The ＂expectation on expectation＂ of the parties can be achieved in the legal system which is agreed on and followed by the parties after communication. Anchored in social life, the conflict justice, which is composed of equality and freedom, can obtains its lasting vitality.