审判中心下印证证明模式之反思

Rethinking on the verification of Evidence Under the Trial Centrism

印证与自由心证并非证明模式,而是裁判者确定证据的证明力和运用证据认定案件事实时所遵循的裁判方式。印证应事实查明活动的要求而产生,以非实质化的证明活动为支撑:依据印证裁判,强化了查明事实真相的要求,忽视了程序正当性的保障;依据印证裁判,局限于证据之间关系的形式审查,亦加剧了我国庭审证明的形式化,法官认定案件事实的过程机械、僵化,严重挤占了其自由心证的空间。印证与以侦查为中心的诉讼构造、追求案件客观真实的诉讼理念等具有共生关系,在支撑印证运转的制度空间中很难为自由心证寻找生存的空间。伴随着我国以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革的逐步推进,以及庭审证明实质化的落实,应让法官的裁判方式回归自由心证,并通过弱化对证明力规则的依赖,强化控方的严格证明,强调辩护权的行使和保障,改造合议庭的构成,强化裁判文书的公开和说理等制度改革实现法官的自由心证。同时,印证应退出证明模式的舞台,作为一种证据分析方法,其本身的精细化、科学化应该得到特别的强调。

The verification of evidence and the free evaluation of evidence aren＇ t the pattern of proof. They are the way of the judge＇ s verdict which determine probative power of proof and the facts. The verification of evidence is produced in the investigative action, operated though the formalize proof action. The verification of evidence stressed the requirement of fact - finding, but ignore the protection of the due process. The verification of evidence only examination the external rela- tionship between evidences, so it exacerbate the formalization of the proof in the trial. As a result, the verification of evidence makes the process of ascertaining the facts mechanical and rigid and which occupies the space of the free evaluation of evidence. The verification of evidence was related with investigation centrism and the lawsuit idea of fact - finding, we can＇ t find the space for the free evaluation of evidence under investigation centrism. Under the trial centrism, the proof in the trial is substantial, the free evaluation of evidence should be regressed. And we should weaken the probative power of proof, enhancement the strict proof of the prosecution, emphasize the protection of the right to defense for the defendant, transform the form of the collegiate bench, strengthen the written judgement＇ s open and demonstration. At the same time, we shouldn＇t regard the the verification of evidence as the pattern of proof, but as a kind of analysis method, it should be much more exquisite and scientific.