论民事抗诉制度构造与功能的嬗变

On the Evolution of Structure and Function of Civil Protest System

目前学界还很少关注到民事抗诉制度的构造与功能及其嬗变问题。民事抗诉制度构造是指其历时展开的不同程序阶段的构成。1991年民事诉讼法框架下民事抗诉制度属于"两阶构造",即"抗诉程序-抗诉案再审程序"。而经过2007年和2012年两次立法修改,2012年民事诉讼法框架下民事抗诉制度属于"五阶构造",即"申请程序-立案受理程序-抗诉事由审查程序-抗诉程序-抗诉案再审程序"。按照民事诉讼目的理论,民事抗诉制度功能存在"维护国家法制"和"权利救济"之界分,在"维护国家法制"之公共目的下,民事抗诉程序应该是依职权启动,且抗诉监督指向的对象是"违法裁判";而在"权利救济"之私人目的下,民事抗诉程序应该是依申请启动,且抗诉监督指向的对象是"错误裁判"。按照这一功能界分原理,"1991年两阶构造"下民事抗诉制度的功能是"维护国家法制",而"2012年五阶构造"下民事抗诉制度的功能则已嬗变为"权利救济"。认识民事抗诉制度构造与功能的嬗变,对于深入探讨民事抗诉制度的合理性等问题有着重要意义。

Scholars seldom focus on the structure and function of civil protest system and its evolution now. The structure of civil protest system is the constitution of different stages with time. There are two stages in the civil protest system under frame of civil procedural law 1991, including protest procedure and retrial procedure. But due to the legislative modification in 2007 and 2012, there are five stages in the civil protest system under frame of civil procedural law 2012, including application procedure, case acceptation procedure, protest procedure and retrial procedure. According to the theory of civil litigant purpose, the function of civil protest system is maintaining national law or right relief. If the function is maintaining national law, the procedure of civil protest should be started ex officio and the object of supervision should be limited to illegal judgments. If the function is right relief, the procedure of civil protest should be started according to application and the object of supervision should be limited to incorrect judgments. According to that theory, the function of civil protest system with two stages 1991 is maintaining national law. And the function of civil protest system with five stages 2012 is right relief. Learning the evolution of structure and function of civil protest system is important for studying problems, such as reasonability of civil protest system and other problems.